1 THE LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ORIGINS OF THE BERMUDA FORM 1
Policy Forms and Liability Problems 1
United States Legal Decisions on Insurance Coverage Issues 4
The Creation of ACE and XL 10
Key Features of the Bermuda Form 12
2 THE BERMUDA FORM: ITS BASIC STRUCTURE 19
An Occurrence-Reported Form 19
The Period of Cover； Coverage A and B 21
Limits 23
The Excess Point 23
The Inception and Retroactive Coverage Dates 24
The Exclusions 25
The Conditions 25
3 CHOICE-OF-LAW ISSUES UNDER THE BERMUDA FORM 26
Identifying the Relevant Governing Law 28
4 INTERPRETATION OF THE BERMUDA FORM AND THE MODIFICATION OF NEW YORK LAW 44
The Structure of the Modification of New York Law Proviso 45
Interpretation of Insurance Contracts: The Basic Approach 47
Interpretation of the Modification of New York Law Proviso 49
The ‘Forbidden Grounds’ 52
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree? 56
5 THE COVERAGE CLAUSE 59
Insurance Against Liability 59
The Insured 61
Ultimate Net Loss/All Sums Insurance … For Damages 62
Judgments 64
Settlements by the Policyholder 67
Mitigation of Damages 74
Allocation of Payments 74
Personal Injury, Property Damage and Advertising Liability 79
Personal Injury 79
Property Damage 80
Advertising Liability 83
Other Aspects of the Coverage Clause 84
6 THE DEFINITION OF‘OCCURRENCE’ 85
Introduction 85
Occurrence:The Basic Definition 87
Aggregation 92
Expected or Intended Injury 98
7 FORTUITY,EXPECTED OR INTENDED,AND THE‘MAINTENANCE DEDUCTIBLE’ 99
Introduction 99
Fortuity and Related Doctrines 101
Expectation and Intention 103
The‘Maintenance Deductible’ 111
8 NOTICE OF OCCURRENCE 118
Introduction 118
Method of Giving Notice 120
Notice as a Condition of Coverage 121
Notice as a Trigger of Coverage:Legal and Practical Considerations 129
9 ARTICLE Ⅱ:THE EXCESS POINT AND LIMITS OF LIABILITY 135
The Excess Point 135
The‘Other Insurance’Condition 140
The‘Other Insurance’Exclusion 142
The Aggregate Limit 147
Joint Ventures,Partnerships and Minority Interests 149
10 THE EXCLUSIONS 151
Introduction 151
Interpretation of Exclusion Clauses:General Principles and 151
the Effect of the Bermuda Form‘s Modification of New York Law 151
Causation 154
The Specific Exclusions in the Bermuda Form:Introduction 162
The‘Prior to Inception or Retroactive Coverage Date’and‘Other Insurance’Exclusion 163
The‘Workers’Compensation,Etc.’ Exclusion 164
The‘Professional Services’Exclusion 165
The‘Owned-Property； Care,Custody or Control,Etc.’Exclusion 165
The‘Products Liability’Exclusions （‘Efficacy,Loss of Use,Etc.’） 173
The‘Advertising’Exclusion 185
The‘War’Exclusion 185
The‘Toxic-Substances’Exclusion 190
The‘Aircraft’Exclusion 191
The‘Watercraft’Exclusion 191
The‘Pollution Exclusion 192
The‘Nuclear’and the‘Radioactive Contamination（Outside the United States）’Exclusions 200
The‘ERISA’Exclusion 200
The‘Repetitive Stress’Exclusion 201
The‘Securities,Antitrust,Etc.’Exclusion 201
11 THE CONDITIONS 204
The Premium Condition 204
The Inspection Condition 205
The Cross Liability Condition 207
The Notice of Occurrence Condition 208
The Assistance and Cooperation Condition 208
The Appeals Condition 211
The Loss Payable Condition 212
The Representation Condition 214
The Other Insurance Condition 215
The Subrogation Condition 215
The Changes Condition 216
The Assignment Condition 216
The Cancellation Condition 218
The Currency Condition 219
The Arbitration Condition 220
The Conflicting Statutes Condition 223
The Law of Construction and Interpretation Condition 224
The Proration of Losses Condition 224
The Liability of the Company Condition 225
The Policy Extension Condition 225
The Reinstatement Condition 226
The Discovery Period Condition 228
The Expiration Date Condition 230
The Former Subsidiaries,Affiliates and Associated Companies Condition 230
The Notice Condition 231
The Headings Condition 232
12 MISREPRESENTATION AND NON-DISCLOSURE 233
Introduction:Differences between New York Law and English Law 233
Non-Disclosure under New York Law 237
Misrepresentation under New York Law 238
Remedy for Misrepresentation 247
13 WAIVER AND ESTOPPEL AND RESERVATIONS OF RIGHTS 253
Introduction 253
Waiver 254
Estoppel 259
The‘Changes’Condition in the Bermuda Form 260
14 COMMENCING A BERMUDA FORM ARBITRATION AND APPOINTING ATTORNEYS AND ARBITRATORS 263
Introduction 263
Legal Representation 263
The Commencement of Arbitration 268
The Selection of an Arbitrator 273
Appendix:Notice to Commence Arbitration 281
15 THE COURSE AND CONDUCT OF A BERMUDA FORM ARBITRATION IN LONDON 282
Introduction 282
The Overall Shape of the Arbitration 282
The ‘Pleadings’ Stage 285
The First Order for Directions 288
Confidentiality 290
Discovery of Documents 291
Preliminary Issues or‘Bifurcation’ 292
Witness Statements 293
Expert Evidence 295
Preparation for the Substantive Hearing 297
The Substantive Hearing 299
Post-Award Events 302
Appendix 1 First Order for Directions 303
Appendix 2:Protective Order 307
16 DISCOVERY,PRIVILEGE AND WAIVER OF PRIVILEGE 309
General Principles 309
Discovery in Arbitration in Practice 311
Legal Professional Privilege 315
Waiver of Privilege 322
Confidential Documents 330
Other Forms of Discovery 331
17 INTEREST AND COSTS 336
Interest 336
Costs 345
Appendix 349
English and New York Law:Sources and Legal Approach 349
English Law for New York（and Other United States）Lawyers 349
New York Law for English Lawyers 353
Cultural Differences 356
Bibliography 359
Index 363