1 THE NATURE OF LAW: PROBLEMS 6
The Definition of "Law" 7
The Elements of Legal Systems 9
The Concept of a Legal System 12
Jural Complexity 15
Laws 17
The Validity of Law 20
Jural Agencies and Jural Activities 22
2 THE NATURE OF LAW: THEORIES 24
Legal Positivism: Austin 24
Commands and Obligations 27
The Natural Law Theory: Aquinas 30
Law and Morality 33
The Prediction Theory: Holmes 37
Laws as Norms: Kelsen 39
Rules: H. L. A. Hart 43
Fuller's Critique of Positivism 46
Legal Authority: Selznick 50
3 THE LIMITS OF LAW 52
Protected Rights 52
J. S. Mill on the Limits of Coercion 54
Legislating Morality 58
Privacy 61
Devlin on Law and Morals 64
4 PUNISHMENT: THE DETERRENCE THEORY 69
The Problem of Justification 70
The Deterrence Theory 72
The Utilitarian Theory, lb Harsh Punishments 76
Punishing the Innocent 19
5 PUNISHMENT: RETRIBUTIVISM 84
Retributivism 84
Maximal Retributivism: Kant 90
Objections to Retributivism 93
How Much Punishment? 96
Minimal Retributivism 100
Should Punishment Be Abolished? 102
6 DISPUTE SETTLING AND JUSTICE 106
Jural-like Dispute Settling 108
Adjudication 111
Conciliation 113
Therapeutic Integration 114
Legal Dispute Settling 116
Procedural Justice 118
Justice and Equality 119
Standards of Procedural Justice 122
FOR FURTHER READING 126
INDEX 131