Introduction.From Brockton and Bur-bank to Brasilia, Bombay, Brussels and British Columbia 1
The Boston Client 1
The Bartow Client 3
United States Import Remedies 4
Global Trade Law 6
Economic Status 8
Export Controls 9
Regional Trade Law 12
Chapter One.World Trade and Multina-tional Enterprises 14
Patterns of World Trade and Economic Rela-tions 16
Services Trade 17
The Rise o f Asia 18
Nontariff Trade Barriers 19
Trade Incentives 20
The Legal Framework of Trade 21
The Multinational Enterprise （MNE） 23
MNE Financial Practices: Transfer Pricing 25
The Role of Corporate Counsel to a MNE 28
A Hypothetical Day for MNE Corporate Coun-sel 30
Chapter Two.The World Trade Organi-zation （WTO） and International Monetary Fund （IMF） 32
The GATT （1947）: History and Provisions 34
Trade in Goods: Core GATT Principles 36
GATT Procedures 37
The GATT Multinational Trade Negotiations（Rounds） 39
United States Participation in Trade Negotia-tions—The USTR 41
The World Trade Organization （WTO） and GATT 1994 42
WTO Agreements and U.S.Law 44
GATT/WTO Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes 46
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture 48
The General Agreement on Trade in Services （GATS） 51
WTO Decision-Making 52
Consensus Rules 55
Admission to the WTO 56
Dispute Settlement Under WTO 57
Phase 1: Consultation 59
Phase 2: Panel establishment, investigation and report 61
Phase 3: Appellate review of the panel report 64
Phase 4: Adoption of the panel or Appellate Body decision 65
Phase 5: Implementation of the decision adopted 66
Phase 6: Compensation Option 66
Phase 7: Authorized Retaliation 67
Retaliation in Action 68
U.S.Involvement in WTO Dispute Resolution 71
The International Monetary Fund （IMF） 76
IMF Operations 77
Special Drawing Rights （SDRs） 78
The EURO Zone 80
Chapter Three.Restrictions on Imports 81
United States Trade Laws 81
U.S.Import Laws 83
The Origins of United States Tariffs 87
United States Tariff Rates 88
Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT 90
Foreign Trade Zones 91
Customs Classification 92
Customs Valuation 94
Rules of Origin 95
Generalized Tariff Preferences for Developing Nations 96
Caribbean Basin, Andean and African Trade Preferences 99
Goods Incorporating United States Compo-nents 101
Duty Free Access to the United States 103
U.S.Import Quotas and Nontariff Trade Bar-riers 104
U.S.Public Procurement 106
Buy American 107
GATT Code and U.S.Response 110
WTO Procurement Code 112
U.S.Product Standards 113
Tuna, Shrimp, Beef and GMO Disputes 114
Responses of Domestic Producers to Import Competition 115
Dumping and Antidumping Duties 118
U.S.Antidumping Law 120
Market Economy Dumping Determinations 122
Nonmarket Economy Dumping Determinations 124
U.S.Implementation of the WTO Antidump-ing Code 125
Interpretation of the WTO Antidumping Code 128
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties 129
WTO Subsidies Code 130
U.S.Countervailing Duty Law 133
Red, Yellow, Amber and Green Light Subsidies 133
Enforcement Procedures 135
U.S.Escape Clause （Safeguard） Proceedings 136
Protective Relief 138
Adjustment Assistance 140
The WTO Safeguards Agreement 141
Interpretation 141
U.S.Steel Tariffs 142
U.S.Court of International Trade 143
Chapter Four.Controls on Exports 146
U.S.Export Policy 148
The Export Administration Act and Regulations 150
The Process of Licensing Exports 152
Commerce Control List 153
Licensed Exports 154
Licensing Timetable 155
Sanctions for EAA Violations 157
Boycott Provisions and U.S.Export Laws 158
Antiboycott Provisions of U.S.Export Laws 160
Sanctions 162
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 163
1988 Amendments 164
OECD Code 165
Section 301 and Super 301 166
Section 301 Procedures 167
Super 301 169
Effect of WTO Dispute Settlement 170
Chapter Five.Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions 172
GATT Article ⅩⅩⅣ 174
Developing World Integration 176
Africa 176
Islamic World 178
Latin America and Caribbean 178
Global Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements 181
A Case Study: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations （ASEAN） 181
Declarations and Summits 183
ASEAN Trade Rules and Industrial Projects 185
Freer Trade 186
International Impact 187
ASEAN Complementation Schemes and Joint Ventures 189
Complementation Schemes 189
Joint Ventures 191
East Asian Integration 192
Chapter Six.The European Union 195
Three Communities 196
Europe Without Internal Frontiers 198
Free Movement 199
Treaty on European Union （1993） 200
Amsterdam Treaty （1999） 201
Treaty of Nice （2003） 202
A Constitution for Europe? 203
The Council of Ministers 205
The Commission and Law-Making 207
Powers of the Commission 208
Legislative Involvement 209
The European Parliament 210
Diverse Legislative Roles 211
Budgetary Powers 213
The European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance 214
ECJ Procedures 214
Linkage with National Courts 216
Appeals and Prosecutions 217
Court of First Instance 218
The Nature of European Law 219
Regulations and Directives 220
Doctrine of Direct Effect 221
EU Law Enforcement 223
Grounds for Appeal 223
Supremacy 224
Free Movement of Goods 226
Cassis Formula 227
Exceptions to Free Movement 229
Intellectual Property 230
Exhaustion Doctrine 230
Free Movement of Workers 231
Right of Establishment 233
Freedom to Provide Services 233
Legal Profession 234
Free Movement of Capital 236
Common Transport Policy 237
Common Agricultural Policy 238
Taxation 240
Trade Relations 241
Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments 243
Business Organizations Law 243
Chapter Seven.NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas 246
Canada-U.S.Free Trade 247
The CFTA Agreement in Outline 248
Trade in Goods 248
Rules of Origin 251
Services and Investment 253
Dispute Settlement Under CFTA 256
Antidumping and Subsidy Disputes 256
Extraordinary Challenges 257
North American Free Trade 259
Fast Track Negotiations 260
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline 261
Trade in Goods 262
Rules of Origin 263
Energy 265
Food Products 265
Product Standards 267
Safeguards 268
Procurement 268
Trade in Services 269
Transport 270
Telecommunications 271
Cross-Border Investment and Investor-State 272
Arbitrations 272
Investor Rights 273
Investor-State Arbitrations 274
Exclusions 275
Financial Services 276
National Commitments 277
Intellectual Property 278
Other NAFTA Provisions 279
Business Visas 279
State Monopolies and Antitrust 280
Miscellaneous Provisions 281
Right of Withdrawal 281
Dispute Settlement Under NAFTA 282
Forum Selection: NAFTAorWTO 282
Chapter 20 283
Antidumping or Subsidy Disputes 285
The Side Agreements on Labor and the Envi-ronment 286
Environmental Disputes 286
Labor Disputes 287
Comparison With the European Union 288
Free Trade and the Americas 289
Fast Track Delayed 290
Fast Track Arrives 291
INDEX 293