PART Ⅰ GREEEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING IN THE MOVEMENT TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY 1
1 Green Chemistry and Engineering in the Context of Sustainability 3
1.1 Why Green Chemistry? 3
1.2 Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and Sustainability 6
1.3 Until Death Do Us Part: A Marriage of Disciplines 13
Problems 15
References 15
2 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Principles 17
2.1 Green Chemistry Principles 17
2.2 Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles 26
2.3 Twelve Principles of Green Engineering 28
2.4 The San Destin Declaration: Principles of Green Engineering 31
2.5 Simplifying the Principles 34
Problems 38
References 39
3 Starting with the Basics: Integrating Environment, Health,and Safety 41
3.1 Environmental Issues of Importance 42
3.2 Health Issues of Importance 54
3.3 Safety Issues of Importance 62
3.4 Hazard and Risk 68
3.5 Integrated Perspective on Environment, Health, and Safety 70
Problems 70
References 73
4 How Do We Know It's Green? A Metrics Primer 77
4.1 General Considerations About Green Chemistry and Engineering Metrics 77
4.2 Chemistry Metrics 79
4.3 Process Metrics 89
4.4 Cost Implications and Green Chemistry Metrics 101
4.5 A Final Word on Green Metrics 101
Problems 102
References 103
PART Ⅱ THE BEGINNING: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER CHEMICAL SYNTHESES 107
5 Route and Chemistry Selection 109
5.1 The Challenge of Synthetic Chemistry 109
5.2 Making Molecules 110
5.3 Using Different Chemistries 119
5.4 Route Strategy 122
5.5 Protection-Deprotection 124
5.6 Going from a Route to a Process 126
Problems 127
References 130
6 Material Selection: Solvents, Catalysts, and Reagents 133
6.1 Solvents and Solvent Selection Strategies 133
6.2 Catalysts and Catalyst Selection Strategies 154
6.3 Other Reagents 168
Problems 168
References 173
7 Reaction Conditions and Green Chemistry 175
7.1 Stoichiometry 176
7.2 Design of Experiments 178
7.3 Temperature 180
7.4 Solvent Use 182
7.5 Solvents and Energy Use 184
7.6 Reaction and Processing Time 187
7.7 Order and Rate of Reagent Addition 188
7.8 Mixing 189
Appendix 7.1: Common Practices in Batch Chemical Processing and Their Green Chemistry Impacts 191
Problems 196
References 200
8 Bioprocesses 203
8.1 How Biotechnology Has Been Used 203
8.2 Are Bioprocesses Green? 204
8.3 What Is Involved in Bioprocessing 205
8.4 Examples of Products Obtained from Bioprocessing 216
Problems 226
References 232
PART Ⅲ FROM THE FLASK TO THE PLANT: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER, MORE SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 233
9 Mass and Energy Balances 235
9.1 Why We Need Mass Balances, Energy Balances, and Process Flow Diagrams 236
9.2 Types of Processes 237
9.3 Process Flow Diagams 238
9.4 Mass Balances 241
9.5 Energy Balances 250
9.6 Measuring Greenness of a Process Through Energy and Mass Balances 261
Problems 265
References 272
10 The Scale-up Effect 273
10.1 The Scale-up Problem 273
10.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up 276
10.3 Scale-up Tools 283
10.4 Numbering-up vs. Scaling-up 289
Problems 290
References 293
11 Reactors and Separations 295
11.1 Reactors and Separations in Green Engineering 296
11.2 Reactors 296
11.3 Separations and Other Unit Operations 307
11.4 Batch vs. Continuous Processes 321
11.5 Does Size Matter? 323
Problems 323
References 327
12 Process Synthesis 331
12.1 Process Synthesis Background 331
12.2 Process Synthesis Approaches and Green Engineering 333
12.3 Evolutionary Techniques 334
12.4 Heuristics Methods 343
12.5 Hierarchical Decomposition 346
12.6 Superstructure and Multiobjective Optimization 349
12.7 Synthesis of Subsystems 354
Problems 355
References 359
13 Mass and Energy Integration 363
13.1 Process Integration: Synthesis, Analysis,and Optimization 363
13.2 Energy Integration 365
13.3 Mass Integration 373
Problems 381
References 388
14 Inherent Safety 391
14.1 Inherent Safety vs. Traditional Process Safety 391
14.2 Inherent Safety and Inherently Safer Design 394
14.3 Inherent Safety in Route Strategy and Process Design 398
14.4 Conclusions on Inherent Safety 406
Problems 406
References 411
15 Process Intensification 413
15.1 Process Intensification Background 413
15.2 Process Intensification Technologies 416
15.3 Process Intensification Techniques 435
15.4 Perspectives on Process Intensification 437
Problems 437
References 442
PART IV EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES 447
16 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Concepts 449
16.1 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Background 450
16.2 LCI/A Methodology 452
16.3 Interpretation: Making Decisions with LCI/A 473
16.4 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 481
Problems 484
References 488
17 Impacts of Materials and Procurement 493
17.1 Life Cycle Management 493
17.2 Where Chemical Trees and Supply Chains Come From 495
17.3 Green (Sustainable) Procurement 500
17.4 Transportation Impacts 511
Problems 515
References 517
18 Impacts of Energy Requirements 519
18.1 Where Energy Comes From 519
18.2 Environmental Life Cycle Emissions and Impacts of Energy Generation 525
18.3 From Emissions to Impacts 537
18.4 Energy Requirements for Waste Treatment 540
Problems 540
References 542
19 Impacts of Waste and Waste Treatment 545
19.1 Environmental Fate and Effects Data 546
19.2 Environmental Fate Information: Physical Properties 550
19.3 Environmental Fate Information: Transformation and Depletion Mechanisms 557
19.4 Environmental Effects Information 559
19.5 Environmental Risk Assessment 562
19.6 Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Waste Treatment 565
Problems 574
References 576
20 Total Cost Assessment 579
20.1 Total Cost Assessment Background 579
20.2 Importance of Total Cost Assessment 580
20.3 Relationship Between Life Cycle Inventory/Assessment and Total Cost Assessment 582
20.4 Timing of a Total Cost Assessment 583
20.5 Total Cost Assessment Methodology 583
20.6 Total Cost Assessment in a Green Chemistry Context 589
Problems 594
References 597
PART Ⅴ WHAT LIES AHEAD 599
21 Emerging Materials 601
21.1 Emerging Materials Development 601
21.2 Nanomaterials 602
21.3 Bioplastics and Biopolymers 605
21.4 About New Green Materials 609
Problems 609
References 611
22 Renewable Resources 613
22.1 Why We Need Renewable Resources 613
22.2 Renewable Materials 616
22.3 The Biorefinery 621
22.4 Renewable Energy 625
Problems 630
References 632
23 Evaluating Technologies 635
23.1 Why We Need to Evaluate Technologies and Processes Comprehensively 635
23.2 Comparing Technologies and Processes 636
23.3 One Way to Compare Technologies 637
23.4 Trade-Offs 644
23.5 Advantages and Limitations of Comparing Technologies 645
Problems 646
References 649
24 Industrial Ecology 651
24.1 Industrial Ecology Background 652
24.2 Principles and Concepts of Industrial Ecology and Design 655
24.3 Industrial Ecology and Design 657
24.4 Industrial Ecology in Practice 663
Problems 665
References 666
25 Tying It All Together: Is Sustainability Possible? 669
25.1 Can Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Enable Sustainability? 670
25.2 Sustainability: Culture and Policy 671
25.3 Influencing Sustainability 672
25.4 Moving to Action 674
Problems 674
References 675
INDEX 677