GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A Practical Design ApproachPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ GREEEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING IN THE MOVEMENT TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY 1

1 Green Chemistry and Engineering in the Context of Sustainability 3

1.1 Why Green Chemistry? 3

1.2 Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and Sustainability 6

1.3 Until Death Do Us Part: A Marriage of Disciplines 13

Problems 15

References 15

2 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Principles 17

2.1 Green Chemistry Principles 17

2.2 Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles 26

2.3 Twelve Principles of Green Engineering 28

2.4 The San Destin Declaration: Principles of Green Engineering 31

2.5 Simplifying the Principles 34

Problems 38

References 39

3 Starting with the Basics: Integrating Environment, Health,and Safety 41

3.1 Environmental Issues of Importance 42

3.2 Health Issues of Importance 54

3.3 Safety Issues of Importance 62

3.4 Hazard and Risk 68

3.5 Integrated Perspective on Environment, Health, and Safety 70

Problems 70

References 73

4 How Do We Know It's Green? A Metrics Primer 77

4.1 General Considerations About Green Chemistry and Engineering Metrics 77

4.2 Chemistry Metrics 79

4.3 Process Metrics 89

4.4 Cost Implications and Green Chemistry Metrics 101

4.5 A Final Word on Green Metrics 101

Problems 102

References 103

PART Ⅱ THE BEGINNING: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER CHEMICAL SYNTHESES 107

5 Route and Chemistry Selection 109

5.1 The Challenge of Synthetic Chemistry 109

5.2 Making Molecules 110

5.3 Using Different Chemistries 119

5.4 Route Strategy 122

5.5 Protection-Deprotection 124

5.6 Going from a Route to a Process 126

Problems 127

References 130

6 Material Selection: Solvents, Catalysts, and Reagents 133

6.1 Solvents and Solvent Selection Strategies 133

6.2 Catalysts and Catalyst Selection Strategies 154

6.3 Other Reagents 168

Problems 168

References 173

7 Reaction Conditions and Green Chemistry 175

7.1 Stoichiometry 176

7.2 Design of Experiments 178

7.3 Temperature 180

7.4 Solvent Use 182

7.5 Solvents and Energy Use 184

7.6 Reaction and Processing Time 187

7.7 Order and Rate of Reagent Addition 188

7.8 Mixing 189

Appendix 7.1: Common Practices in Batch Chemical Processing and Their Green Chemistry Impacts 191

Problems 196

References 200

8 Bioprocesses 203

8.1 How Biotechnology Has Been Used 203

8.2 Are Bioprocesses Green? 204

8.3 What Is Involved in Bioprocessing 205

8.4 Examples of Products Obtained from Bioprocessing 216

Problems 226

References 232

PART Ⅲ FROM THE FLASK TO THE PLANT: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER, MORE SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 233

9 Mass and Energy Balances 235

9.1 Why We Need Mass Balances, Energy Balances, and Process Flow Diagrams 236

9.2 Types of Processes 237

9.3 Process Flow Diagams 238

9.4 Mass Balances 241

9.5 Energy Balances 250

9.6 Measuring Greenness of a Process Through Energy and Mass Balances 261

Problems 265

References 272

10 The Scale-up Effect 273

10.1 The Scale-up Problem 273

10.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up 276

10.3 Scale-up Tools 283

10.4 Numbering-up vs. Scaling-up 289

Problems 290

References 293

11 Reactors and Separations 295

11.1 Reactors and Separations in Green Engineering 296

11.2 Reactors 296

11.3 Separations and Other Unit Operations 307

11.4 Batch vs. Continuous Processes 321

11.5 Does Size Matter? 323

Problems 323

References 327

12 Process Synthesis 331

12.1 Process Synthesis Background 331

12.2 Process Synthesis Approaches and Green Engineering 333

12.3 Evolutionary Techniques 334

12.4 Heuristics Methods 343

12.5 Hierarchical Decomposition 346

12.6 Superstructure and Multiobjective Optimization 349

12.7 Synthesis of Subsystems 354

Problems 355

References 359

13 Mass and Energy Integration 363

13.1 Process Integration: Synthesis, Analysis,and Optimization 363

13.2 Energy Integration 365

13.3 Mass Integration 373

Problems 381

References 388

14 Inherent Safety 391

14.1 Inherent Safety vs. Traditional Process Safety 391

14.2 Inherent Safety and Inherently Safer Design 394

14.3 Inherent Safety in Route Strategy and Process Design 398

14.4 Conclusions on Inherent Safety 406

Problems 406

References 411

15 Process Intensification 413

15.1 Process Intensification Background 413

15.2 Process Intensification Technologies 416

15.3 Process Intensification Techniques 435

15.4 Perspectives on Process Intensification 437

Problems 437

References 442

PART IV EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES 447

16 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Concepts 449

16.1 Life Cycle Inventory and Assessment Background 450

16.2 LCI/A Methodology 452

16.3 Interpretation: Making Decisions with LCI/A 473

16.4 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 481

Problems 484

References 488

17 Impacts of Materials and Procurement 493

17.1 Life Cycle Management 493

17.2 Where Chemical Trees and Supply Chains Come From 495

17.3 Green (Sustainable) Procurement 500

17.4 Transportation Impacts 511

Problems 515

References 517

18 Impacts of Energy Requirements 519

18.1 Where Energy Comes From 519

18.2 Environmental Life Cycle Emissions and Impacts of Energy Generation 525

18.3 From Emissions to Impacts 537

18.4 Energy Requirements for Waste Treatment 540

Problems 540

References 542

19 Impacts of Waste and Waste Treatment 545

19.1 Environmental Fate and Effects Data 546

19.2 Environmental Fate Information: Physical Properties 550

19.3 Environmental Fate Information: Transformation and Depletion Mechanisms 557

19.4 Environmental Effects Information 559

19.5 Environmental Risk Assessment 562

19.6 Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Waste Treatment 565

Problems 574

References 576

20 Total Cost Assessment 579

20.1 Total Cost Assessment Background 579

20.2 Importance of Total Cost Assessment 580

20.3 Relationship Between Life Cycle Inventory/Assessment and Total Cost Assessment 582

20.4 Timing of a Total Cost Assessment 583

20.5 Total Cost Assessment Methodology 583

20.6 Total Cost Assessment in a Green Chemistry Context 589

Problems 594

References 597

PART Ⅴ WHAT LIES AHEAD 599

21 Emerging Materials 601

21.1 Emerging Materials Development 601

21.2 Nanomaterials 602

21.3 Bioplastics and Biopolymers 605

21.4 About New Green Materials 609

Problems 609

References 611

22 Renewable Resources 613

22.1 Why We Need Renewable Resources 613

22.2 Renewable Materials 616

22.3 The Biorefinery 621

22.4 Renewable Energy 625

Problems 630

References 632

23 Evaluating Technologies 635

23.1 Why We Need to Evaluate Technologies and Processes Comprehensively 635

23.2 Comparing Technologies and Processes 636

23.3 One Way to Compare Technologies 637

23.4 Trade-Offs 644

23.5 Advantages and Limitations of Comparing Technologies 645

Problems 646

References 649

24 Industrial Ecology 651

24.1 Industrial Ecology Background 652

24.2 Principles and Concepts of Industrial Ecology and Design 655

24.3 Industrial Ecology and Design 657

24.4 Industrial Ecology in Practice 663

Problems 665

References 666

25 Tying It All Together: Is Sustainability Possible? 669

25.1 Can Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Enable Sustainability? 670

25.2 Sustainability: Culture and Policy 671

25.3 Influencing Sustainability 672

25.4 Moving to Action 674

Problems 674

References 675

INDEX 677