PART Ⅰ LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY 3
1. Introduction to Legal Psychology 3
The Psychology of Lawmaking 4
The Legislator as Law Transcriber 5
Interpretation of Laws 6
Selective Sanctions 9
The Courtroom 13
The Psychology of Testimony 14
Forensic Psychiatry 17
Psychology and the Courtroom 19
2. Psychology and Law 22
A Psychological View of the Spheres of Law 24
Fundamental Characteristics of Law and Psychology 37
Experiences in the Relations of Law and Psychology 44
3. Trial Tactics in Criminal Cases 51
Nature of the Proceedings 52
The Prosecutor and the Defense Counsel 53
Selecting the Jury 55
The Opening Statements 58
Examination and Evidence 60
Trial 62
Final Argument 71
Epilogue 72
Conclusion 73
4. Trial Tactics in Civil Cases 75
Evaluation of the Case 76
Settlement Tactics 77
Jury Selection 79
Opening Statement to the Jury 81
Order of Proof 82
Direct Examination 84
Bad Practices in Examining Witnesses 88
Setting the Stage for Cross-Examination 89
Demonstrative Evidence 90
Cross-Examination 91
The Final Argument 92
5. The Psychology of Juries 96
How the Jury System Works 97
Research on Juries 100
The Psychology of the Jury 105
Controversy over the Jury System 109
Suggested Reforms in Jury Procedure 113
6. The Psychology of Judges 121
The Judge's Job 122
The Making of Judicial Decisions 123
Some Contextual Pressures on Judicial Decisions 124
Some Personal Variables in the Judge's Career 127
Differing Views on the Basis for Judicial Decisions 131
The Psychology of the Judge 136
Predicting Decisions 138
Suggested Changes 138
7. Criminal Responsibility and Psychiatry 146
What is Criminal Responsibility? 146
Historical and Social Aspects of Criminal Responsibility 151
The Durham Rule and Its Implications:A Critical Analysis 157
Mental Illness as an Excusing Condition 158
Epilogue 165
PART Ⅱ CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 171
8. Introduction to Criminal Psychology 171
The Conception of Man as Free Moral Agent 172
Divine Intervention in the Courtroom 173
Hedonism and Classical Anthropology 174
The Positive School of Criminology 175
The Criminal Man 176
Crime and Anatomy 177
The Evolution of Criminal Psychology 178
The Psychiatric and Sociological Views 179
The Legal Framework for Correction 181
Two Trends in Correction 184
Treatment and the Public 186
Treatment and Vested Interest 188
Epilogue 189
9. The Development of Criminal Predispositions 192
The Nature of "Crime" 193
Specific or General Causation? 195
Theories of Criminal Predestination 196
The Multiple-Factor Approach 200
The Development of Criminal Predispositions 201
The Study of Predisposing Attitudesand Feelings 209
10. The Gauging of Criminal Predispositions 213
Delinquency as a Criterion 214
Reliability of a Predictor 216
Validity of the Predictor 217
The Base-Rate Problem 219
Types of Psychological Measures 220
Constructing an Inventory Measure 222
The MMPI: An Empirically Derived Inventory 222
Psychological Tests 232
Projective Tests 234
The Glueck Prediction Tables 236
Conclusion 240
11. Psychologists and Juvenile Delinquency 243
Gang Children 244
Unsocialized Aggressive Boys 245
"Accidental" Delinquency 247
Mother-Daughter Feuds 251
Neurotic Delinquency 252
Mixed Patterns 254
Psychologists in the Juvenile Court 255
Psychologists in Treatment Institutions 265
Other Activities of Psychologists 267
Summary 268
12. Psychopathic (Sociopathic) Personalities 271
The Case of Roger Hayes 271
The Term "Psychopathic" or "Sociopathic Personality" 274
Psychosis and Neurosis 275
Psychopathic Personality 276
Historical Development of the Concept of Psychopathic Personality 276
Modern Status of Concept 277
Psychopathic Personality and Criminality 282
Theories of Causation 283
Treatment of the Psychopath 290
Summary 292
13. Current Practices in Correction: A Critique 294
Substitute Goals 296
Treatment by Time Clock 299
Adverse Effects of Treatment by Time Clock 302
Probation: The First Phase of Correctional Treatment 304
Critique of Current Probation Practices 305
Institutions: The Second Phase of Correctional Treatment 306
Job Placement 310
Treatment 312
Parole: Third and Final Phase of Correctional Treatment 316
After Correction, What? 319
14. The Youthful Offender: An Illustration of New Developments in Correction 323
Changes in Corrections 325
Corrections' Programs for the Youthful Offender 327
A Concept and Program of Corrections 328
Institutions 329
Case Management 336
A Concept of Remedial Therapy 336
The Camp and the Nearby Community 338
Probation 339
Group Counseling for Youthful Probationers and Parolees 342
Group Counseling for Youth in County Jails 342
Foster Family Care for Probationers and Parolees 343
The Community's Role in Crime Prevention 343
Some Closing Words on Institutions 345
Psychiatric and Psychological Services 346
Conclusion 346
PART Ⅲ SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGYIntroductory Note 351
15. The Drug Addict and His Treatment 357
Definitions of Addiction 359
How Addicts Develop 362
Alcoholics and Drug Addicts 365
Crime and the Life Cycle 367
Why Treatment? 369
Treatment Programs 369
Change in the Kind of Person Who Becomes Addicted 371
The Drug Addict in the Courts and Prisons 375
Drug Addiction in the Future 376
16. The Alcohol Offender and His Treatment 381
Characteristics of Offenders 383
Drinking Patterns 385
Routes to Dependency 386
The Skid Row Subculture 389
Treatment of the Alcohol Offender 393
Conclusion 398
17. The Sex Offender and His Treatment 400
Classification of Sex Offenses 400
Psychological Classification of Sex Offenders 402
Sexual Offenders and Sexual Deviates 403
Incidence of Sex Offenses 406
Characteristics of Sex Offenders 407
The Treatment of Sex Offenders 408
Social Prophylaxis 412
Index 419