1 Introduction 1
Background 1
International Criminal Law: Lacking Effective Enforcement Mechanisms? 5
Outline 6
2 History and Legal Background of the Principle of Complementarity 9
History of the Principle of Complementarity 9
Complementarity in the Rome Conference 15
Legal Background of the Principle of Complementarity 16
Conclusion 30
3 Complementarity in Abstract 33
Introduction 33
Legal Analysis of Article 17 34
Complementarity and Article 20(3) 58
Complementarity in Practice 66
4 Possible de Jure and de Facto Hurdles to Complementarity 73
Amnesty as a Possible Hurdle to the Complementarity Principle 73
Pardons as a Possible Hurdle to Complementarity 100
Security Council as a Possible de Facto and de Jure Obstacle to Complementarity 116
5 Complementarity and State Referral: The North Uganda Situation 135
Background on the Conflict 135
Parties to the Conflict and Perpetration of International Crimes 140
Uganda's Referral to the ICC 148
The Application of Complementarity on Uganda's Referral 163
Conclusion 194
6 Complementarity and Security Council Referral: The Darfur Situation 199
Background on the Conflict 199
The Application of Complementarity on Darfur's Referral 214
Conclusion 258
7 Conclusion 263
Bibliography 269
Index 297