Part Ⅰ： The Oxford Study on Costs and Funding of Civil Litigation Christopher Hodges，Stefan Vogenauer and Magdalena Tulibacka 3
Introduction 3
Section 1： National Approaches to Costs and Funding of Civil Litigation 11
Section 2： The Price of Litigation： A Comparison of Jurisdictions 29
Section 3： Policy Issues and Recommendations 73
Section 4： Summary of Findings 100
Tables and Appendices 111
Questionnaire 111
Table 1： Basis of charges for court fees and lawyers’ fees 114
Table 2： Success and contingency fees 132
Table 3： Total minimum cost to claimant in the case studies 134
Table 4： Claimant and defendant costs in the case studies 157
Table 5： Ranges of court fees and lawyers’ hourly rates 180
Table 6： Currency conversion rates used in the case studies 184
Part Ⅱ： National Reports 187
1. An Introduction to the Range Christopher Hodges of National Approaches 187
2. Australia Camille Cameron 195
3. Belgium Vincent Sagaert and Ilse Samoy 217
4. Canada Eriks S Knutsen and Janet Walker 239
5. The People’s Republic Michael Palmer and Chao Xi of China 261
6. Denmark Kristine Svenningsen，Jan-Erik Svensson and Anders Orgaard 275
7. England and Wales John Peysner 289
8. England and Wales： Christopher Hodges 303
9. England and Wales： John Peysner 313
10. France 327
A. Theoretical Perspectives Yvon Desdevises 327
B. The Rules on Funding Anne-Laure Villedieu and Costs 335
11. Germany Burkhard Hess and Rudolf Hubner 349
12. Japan Ikuo Sugawara and Eri Osaka 373
13. Latin America：A Regional Report Manuel A Gomez 389
14. The Netherlands Mark L Tuil 401
15. The Netherlands：Policy Observations Paulien M M van der Grinten 421
16. New Zealand Kim Economides and Graham Taylor 431
17. Poland Magdalena Tulibacka 453
18. Portugal Henrique Sousa Antunes 467
19. Russia Dmitry Maleshin 483
20. Spain Aranzazu Calzadilla Medina，Carlos Trujillo Cabrera and Alejandro Ferreres Comella 489
21. Switzerland Walter A Stoffel and James F Reardon 499
22. Taiwan Kuan-Ling Shen and Helena HC Chen 521
23. The United States of America Deborah R Hensler 535
Index 545