PART Ⅰ THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 1
Chapter 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 2. The Underlying Principles Governing Copyright Legislation 9
(i) Natural Law 14
(ii) Just Reward for Labour 14
(iii) Stimulus to Creativity 15
(iv) Social Requirements 16
Chapter 3. Origins of Copyright Law in Europe 19
PART Ⅱ THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT--NATIONAL EXAMPLES 25
Chapter 4. United Kingdom 27
The Eighteenth Century Debate on the Nature of Copyright 28
The Revision Act of 1842 33
The 1878 Royal Commission Report 36
The Twentieth Century 37
The 1911 Act 38
1912-1955 39
The 1956 Act 41
The Public Interest in the Debate for Reform and the 1988 Act 42
The Whitford Committee 42
The 1988 Act 48
Post-1988 Act Developments: The Influence of the European Union 50
The Pubhc Interest and Limitations on Copyright 53
Term of Protection 54
Statutory Defences Against Infringement 56
Fair Dealing 56
Recent Case Law on Fair Dealing 60
Pubhc Interest Defence 63
Other Statutory Defences 67
Statutory Exemptions in Favour of Education and Libraries 68
Special Regulations Concerning Libraries and Archives 70
Conclusion 70
Chapter 5. The United States of America 75
Origins of the 1790 Act 76
Legislative Developments between 1790 and 1976 81
1790-1909 81
The Long Road to Reform and the 1976 Act 82
Post-1976 Act Developments 87
The Berne Convention Implementation Act 1988 88
The Audio Home Recording Act 1992 89
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act 1994 90
The Digital Performance Rights in Sound Recordings Act 1995 90
The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 1998 92
The Fairness in Music Licensing Act 1998 93
The Digital Millenium Copyright Act 1998 94
The Public Interest and Limitations on Copyright 99
Term of Protection 99
Fair Use 105
The Doctrine of Fair Use 105
Major Developments in Fair Use Case Law Since the 1976 Act 109
Statutory Exceptions to Protection 115
The Underlying Philosophy in the US Law of Copyright 119
Conclusion 124
Chapter 6. France 129
Origins of the Law 129
The Revolution and the Decrees of 1791 and 1793 135
The Performance Right 136
The Reproduction Right 138
The Development of the Law between 1793 and 1957 140
Legislation 141
Case Law 143
Exceptions 144
Moral Rights 144
Proposals for Reform in the Nineteenth Century--Perpetual Rights versus the Public Interest 145
The Evolution of French Concepts of Authors' Rights 148
The Twentieth Century 150
The Road to Refrom:The Draft Law of 1945 150
The 1957 Law on Literary and Artistic Property 151
The Public Interest in the Debate for Peform and the 1985 Law 155
Statutory Exceptions to Protection 159
Recent Developments 161
Intellectual Property Code, 1992 161
Subsequent Amendnxents to the Intellectual Property Code 162
New Limitations on Rights 165
The Short Quotation Exception 166
The Public's Right to Information 167
Couclusion 169
Chapter 7. Germany 179
Origins of the Law 179
Legislative Developments: 1870--1901 185
The Twentieth Century 187
1901-1949 187
1949-1965 192
The 1965 Act 196
The Public Interest and the Basic Law 202
Subsequent Amendments to the 1965 Act 210
The 1972 Amendment 210
The Amendment Act 1985 211
Follow-up to the 1985 Act 214
The 1990s: hnplementation of the EU Directives on Copyright and Related Rights and Other Recent Developments 217
Implementation of the EU Directives on Copyright and Related Rights 217
Other Recent Developments 222
Government Report to the Bundestag, July 2000 222
Recent Case Law Relevant to the Public Interest 224
Conclusion 229
PART Ⅲ COPYRIGHT AND PUBLIC POLICY 233
Chapter 8. Introduction 235
Chapter 9. The Functions of Copyright Revisited 243
Chafee's Six Ideals of Copyright 244
The Moral Justifications for Copyright Revisited 247
The Economic Justifications for Copyright Revisited 249
Alternatives to Copyright 256
The Need for International Protection 263
Chapter 10. Limitations on Copyright 265
Duration of Protection 265
Exceptions to Protection 276
Limited Freedom to Use Works 277
Exceptions for Informational and Educational Purposes 278
Rights of Quotation 278
Use for Teaching Purposes 278
Exceptions for the Benefit of the Media 278
Reporting Current Events 279
Limitations on the Rights of Reproduction 279
The Three-Step Test of the Berne Convention 279
Exceptions in National Laws 283
Non-Voluntary Licensing Systems 284
The Private Use Exception and Modern Technology 287
The Exercise of Rights 294
PART Ⅳ. THE FUTURE OF COPYRIGHT--OBSTACLES AND PERSPECTIVES 301
Chapter 11. Introduction 303
Chapter 12. The Impact of Digital Technology on Copyright 305
Legal Frameworks Required for Protection 305
The Solutions Found- the New Right of Access 309
The WIPO Internet Treaties 1996 309
Limitations and Exceptions under the WIPO Internet Treaties 311
The US Approach 321
The Promise of Technical Solutions 324
Pitfalls for Technical Solutions 325
The Need for a Global Approach 326
Chapter 13. International Protection--Towards More Harmonisation of Copyright? 327
Achieving the Ideal of International Protection 327
The Obstacles to Universal Solutions-Copyright or Droit d'Auteur 329
Standards of Protection 329
Formalities 330
Ownership and Assignability of Rights 331
Moral Rights 332
Related Rights 333
The Converging Impact of International Harmonisation to Date 335
The Converging Influence of the Berne Convention 335
The Diverging Influence of the Rome Convention 336
The Impact of the TRIPs Agreement 338
The Influence of the WIPO Legislative Programme Pre-1996 340
Draft Model Law on Copyright 340
Proposed New Protocol to the Berne Convention 342
Harmonisation Within the European Union 343
Perspectives for the Harmonisation to Come 348
Chapter 14. Conclusions 353
Appendices 369
The First National Copyright Laws 369
Appendix 1. United Kingdom--The Statute of Anne 1709 371
Appendix 2. USA--Copyright Act 1790 377
Appendix 3. France--Deret des 13-19 janvier 1791 relatif aux spectades 381
Appendix 3. France--Deret des 19-24juillet 1793 381
Appendix 4. Germany--Preuβisches Gesetz zum Schutze des Eigenthums an Werken der Wissenschaft und Kunst gegen Nachdruck und Nachbildung vom 11. Juni 1837 383
International Legislation 397
Appendix 5. WIPO Copyright Treaty 397
Appendix 6. WIPO Performance and Phongrams Treaty 411
Appendix 7. Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the hannonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related night in the information sodety (May 22, 2001) 431
Bibliography 459
Index 485