1 An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Legal Models 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction 2
Words of Art 5
Legal Models 5
Jurisprudence 5
Natural Law 5
Positive Law Approach 6
Historical Approach 6
Law as an Instrument of Control 7
Function of a Court System 8
Brief Examination of the Legal Models 8
Roman Law 9
Revival of Roman Law 12
Commercial Law 13
Civil Law Model 13
Common Law Model 14
Islamic Model 15
Socialist Model 16
Mixed-Legal Model 17
Law Enforcement Systems 19
Punishments 20
Comparative Violence 21
Summary 21
Questions in Review 22
2 Common Law Model： The Courts 25
Key Terms 25
Introduction 26
Henry Ⅱ 27
The Magna Carta 27
Sir Edward Coke 28
Sir William Blackstone 29
Common Law in the United States 31
U.S.Court Systems Today 32
Federal System 32
U.S.Court of Appeals 32
U.S.District Courts 33
U.S.Magistrates 34
Participants in a Criminal Case 34
Trial Judge 35
Defendant 36
Prosecuting Attorney 36
Law in Action： The Case of Wen Ho Lee 39
State Attorney General 49
Defense Counsel 50
The Right to Represent Oneself 51
Privileged Communication 51
Clerk of the Court 52
Bailiff 53
Court Reporter 53
Court Commissioners 53
English Court System Today 53
Court of Queen’s or King’s Bench 54
Supreme Court of Judicature 54
Magistrates’ Court 55
Crown Court 55
Royal Courts of Justice 56
Comparisons between the United States and the United Kingdom 56
Practice of Law 59
Canadian Legal System 61
Court Structure 62
Provincial and Territorial Superior Courts 63
Provincial and Territorial Courts 64
The Judiciary 64
Right to Fair Trial versus Freedom of the Press 64
Scottish Legal System 64
Australian Legal System 65
Legal System 66
Classification of Crimes 66
Summary 66
Questions in Review 67
3 Policing and Corrections under the Common Law Model 69
Key Terms 69
Policing in Common Law Countries 69
Deviance Control or Civil Order Control 70
Policing Models 70
Local Policing in the United States and England 71
Local Policing in the United States 72
Mission of Local Police Departments 73
Local Policing in England and Wales 74
Hiring Requirements for U.S.and English Police Officers 75
Salaries for English and U.S.Police Officers 76
Training of New Officers 77
Police Powers and Use of Discretion 78
Community Policing under the Common Law Model 79
Policing in Canada 79
Corrections in Common Law Countries 84
Sentencing 87
In the United States 87
In the United Kingdom and Wales 89
Sentencing in the United Kingdom 90
Confinement 90
Rates of Incarceration 90
Approaches to Confinement in the United States 91
English Purposes of Confinement 91
Prisons Ombudsman 93
Alternatives to Incarceration 93
Corporal Punishment 94
Fines 94
Probation 94
Probation in England 95
Probation in the United States 95
House Arrest 97
Death Penalty 98
Summary 99
Questions in Review 100
4 Civil Law Model： The Courts 101
Key Terms 101
Introduction 101
Early Tribal and Feudal Laws 102
Early Legislation 102
Influence of Roman Law 103
Canon Law 104
Commercial Law 105
Development of National Legal Systems 105
Napoleonic Code 106
German Legal Science 107
Codes in Civil and Common Law Models 109
Inquisitorial Prosecution 110
German Civil Law System 110
Rights of the Accused in a German Criminal Trial 115
Principle of Territoriality 118
Criminal Justice in France 119
Criminal Justice in Brazil 121
Summary 124
Questions in Review 125
5 Policing and Corrections under the Civil Law Model 127
Key Terms 127
Introduction 127
Law Enforcement in France 128
Law Enforcement in Germany 130
Law Enforcement in Brazil 132
Corrections under the Civil Law Model 133
Pre-trial Diversion 135
Plea Bargaining 136
Confinement 138
Probation 139
Parole 140
Death Penalty 141
Fines 141
Summary 142
Questions in Review 143
6 The Islamic Law Model： The Courts 145
Key Terms 145
Introduction 145
Origins and Evolution 148
Sources 149
Fundamental Principles 150
Structure of Penal Law 151
Murder under Islamic Law 152
Evidence of Guilt 153
Confessions 153
Testimony of Eyewitnesses 154
Other Evidence 154
Doubt as to Guilt 154
Saudi Arabia 156
Criminal Cases 157
Pakistan 159
Iran 160
Summary 161
Questions in Review 162
7 Policing and Corrections under the Islamic Legal Model 163
Key Terms 163
Introduction 163
Saudi Policing 164
The Saudi Record on Human Rights 166
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 167
Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile 167
Policing in Pakistan 168
Policing in Iran 169
Corrections 170
Amputation 173
Blood Money 173
Aid to Prisoners’ Families 174
Corrections in Iran 175
Corrections in Pakistan 175
Summary 176
Questions in Review 176
8 The Socialist Law Model： The Courts 177
Key Terms 177
Introduction 177
Legal System of Russia 178
People’s Republic of China 180
Crimes 183
Court System 183
Confessions 184
Law of Search and Seizure 185
Rights of an Accused 185
Court Procedures 186
Legal System of Cuba 186
Court Structure 188
Trial Procedure 188
Extradition from Cuba 189
Summary 189
Questions in Review 190
9 Policing and Corrections under the Socialist Law Model 191
Key Terms 191
Introduction 191
Public Trust and Community Policing 192
Policing in Russia 193
Policing in the People’s Republic of China 194
Use of Force by Police in China 196
Police Detention 197
Public Crime Statistics 197
Policing in Cuba 198
Corrections in Russia 199
Imprisonment in Russia 199
Corrections in China 200
Chinese Prisons 202
Early Release of Prisoners 202
Prison Conditions 202
Corrections in Cuba 203
Range of Punishments 203
Confinement in Cuba 203
Summary 204
Questions in Review 205
10 Mixed Law Models 207
Key Terms 207
Introduction 207
Bulgarian System of Law 207
Bulgarian Court System 208
Bulgarian Prosecutors 209
Crime Classification 209
Trial Procedure 209
Bulgarian Police System 210
Corrections in Bulgaria 211
Confinement in Bulgaria 211
Indian System of Law 212
Indian Legal History 212
Crime Classifications in India 213
Indian Court System 214
Policing in India 215
Criminal Process in India 216
Prosecutors 217
Corrections in India 217
Confinement in India 218
Sri Lankan System of Law 218
Criminal Justice System 219
Crime Classification 219
Sri Lanka’s Court System 219
Policing in Sri Lanka 220
Trial Procedures 220
Sentencing Process 221
Confinement in Sri Lanka 221
Summary 222
Questions in Review 222
11 International Courts 225
Key Terms 225
Introduction 225
International Criminal Court 225
The United States and the ICC 226
Establishment of the Court 227
President of the ICC 227
Judicial Divisions 228
Prosecutor 228
Registry 228
Other Offices 228
Jurisdiction and Admissibility 228
Procedure 229
Duties of States That Are Parties 230
Selected Court Cases 231
Trial Procedure of the ICC 234
International Court of Justice 235
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 237
Establishment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) 238
Resolution of Cases 238
Practice Directions 239
Jurisdiction of the ICJ 240
Contentious Cases 240
Advisory Proceedings 241
Court of Justice of the European Communities 241
Proceedings before the Court 244
Court of First Instance 247
Examples of Cases Brought before the Court of First Instance 249
Civil Service Tribune 251
Summary 251
Questions in Review 252
12 International Criminal Justice Agencies and Associations 253
Key Terms 253
Introduction 253
Interpol 253
Structure 254
Core Functions 254
Trafficking in Human Beings 255
Corruption 256
Child Sexual Exploitation 256
Public Safety and Terrorism 257
Drugs 257
Criminal Organizations 258
Financial and High-tech Crimes 259
Fugitive Investigative Services 259
Interpol’s Other Areas of Crime 260
National Central Reference Points Network 260
International Cyber-crime Conference 261
Europol 261
The Europol Computer System (TECS) 262
International Association of Chiefs of Police 262
International Police Association 263
United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Network 264
U.N.Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 264
International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy 265
Criminal Justice Reform Unit 266
Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention 267
Institutes of the U.N.Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network 268
Commission on Narcotic Drugs 269
U.N.Terrorism Prevention Branch 269
International Narcotics Control Board 269
Transnational Organized Crime 269
Trafficking in Humans 270
United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 271
Trafficking in Firearms 275
International Police Executive Symposium 275
International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism 277
Organization of American States 278
Child Wise 279
Summary 279
Questions in Review 280
APPENDIX A： ICC Arrest Warrant for Thomas Lubanga Dyilo 281
APPENDIX B： First Appearance before the International Criminal Court in Case of Prosecutor V.Thomas&Lubanga Dyilo 285
APPENDIX C： Excerpts from the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Resolution Sixtieth Session： Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly 295
References 305
Index 311