PART I INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS 3
OVERVIEW 3
1 STANDARD TRADE TERMS 5
INTRODUCTION 5
EX WORKS 6
CIF CONTRACTS 6
What is a CIF contract? 6
Judicial definition of a CIF contract 7
Is a CIF contract simply a sale of documents? 10
Duties of the seller under a CIF contract 11
Duty to procure and prepare documents 14
Invoice 14
Bill of lading 15
Insurance 17
Licences 20
Tender of documents 21
Seller's remedies 22
Passing of property 24
Passing of risk 26
Duties of the buyer 27
Buyer's remedies 28
Variants of a CIF contract 31
CIF and arrival contracts 31
CIF CONTRACTS UNDER INCOTERMS 2000 32
Obligations of the seller 32
Obligations of the buyer 34
C&F CONTRACTS 35
C&F AND INCOTERMS 35
FOB CONTRACTS 36
Duties of the seller under a classic FOB contract 38
Seller's remedies 41
Duties of the buyer 42
Buyer's remedies 43
Export and import licences 44
Passing of property 45
Passing of risk 45
VARIANTS OF AN FOB CONTRACT 46
FOB with additional services 46
FAS CONTRACTS 46
FOB contracts under INCOTERMS 2000 47
INCOTERMS 2000 - a brief overview 49
CONCLUSION 51
FURTHER READING 55
2 THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 1980 57
INTRODUCTION 57
THE VIENNA CONVENTION 61
Structure and features 61
Sphere of application 62
Exclusion of issues 66
Party autonomy and the Vienna Convention 68
Trade usage and the Vienna Convention 70
Interpretation of the Vienna Convention 71
Formation of a contract 72
Obligations of the seller 76
Obligations of the buyer 77
Passing of risk 81
Remedies 83
Exemption 91
CONCLUSION: RECENT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES 92
UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 92
Principles of European Contract Law 95
FURTHER READING 96
PART Ⅱ REGULATING THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT 101
OVERVIEW 101
3 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE —LEGAL ISSUES AND HARMONISATION 103
INTRODUCTION 103
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS, E-COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY MEASURES 104
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND INTERCHANGE AGREEMENTS 107
UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON E-COMMERCE 108
Background, guiding principles and harmonisation 108
Part I - e-commerce 110
Part II - carriage of goods 115
OTHER INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES - THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 116
THE EU DIRECTIVE ON E-COMMERCE 117
E-commerce, free movement of services and transparency provisions 117
Contractual matters 119
Liability of third party service providers 119
Implementation 120
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE USE OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 120
Scope of application 121
Functional equivalence 122
Time and place of dispatch and receipt 123
Relationship to other instruments 123
CONCLUSION 123
FURTHER READING 124
4 THE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION AND SECURITY ISSUES 125
INTRODUCTION 125
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND UNCITRAL 126
Founding principles 128
The Model Law on Electronic Signatures 130
THE EU DIRECTIVE ON ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND THE UK LEGISLATION: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ACT 2000 AND THE ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REGULATION 2002 136
ELECTRONIC MEDIUM AND COMPUTER MISUSE 138
Legislative developments in different jurisdictions 138
Council of Europe and computer crime 143
Council of Europe and procedural aspects of cybercrime investigation 149
CONCLUSION: A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR E-COMMERCE? 156
FURTHER READING 156
PART Ⅲ TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO 159
OVERVIEW 159
5 TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS BY SEA - CHARTERPARTIES 161
INTRODUCTION 161
TYPES OF CHARTERPARTIES 162
Voyage charterparty 162
Time charterparty 163
Demise charterparty 163
COMMON LAW IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS IN A VOYAGE CHARTERPARTY 164
Nomination of a safe port 164
Not to ship dangerous goods 168
COMMON LAW IMMUNITIES 169
USUAL EXPRESS TERMS 169
CONCLUSION 171
FURTHER READING 172
6 BILLS OF LADING 173
INTRODUCTION 173
NATURE OF A BILL OF LADING 174
Bill of lading as a receipt 174
Bills within the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 174
Bills outside the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 175
Enforceability of indemnity agreements for issuing clean bills of lading 178
Bill of lading as evidence of contract of carriage 180
Bill of lading as contract of carriage 181
Bill of lading as document of title 181
Delivery against bills of lading 183
RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF CONSIGNEE /ENDORSEE 185
Problems caused by the Bill of Lading Act 1855 186
Position of pledgees 186
Right to sue and bulk goods 187
The implied contract approach 187
The special contract approach 188
Liability in tort 188
Endorsement of bill of lading after delivery 189
THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992 189
Rights of suit 189
Transfer of rights 190
Imposition of liabilities 193
BILLS OF LADING AND FRAUD 195
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992 197
Advantages and disadvantages of using electronic documents 198
Electronic bills of lading: the SEADOCS scheme, CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading 201
CONCLUSION 204
FURTHER READING 204
7 BILLS OF LADING AND COMMON LAW 207
INTRODUCTION 207
IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPOWNER 207
Seaworthiness 208
Due dispatch 212
Deviation 213
Negligence 216
IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPPER 217
SHIPOWNER'S IMMUNITIES 218
COMMON LAW EXCEPTIONS 218
Act of God 218
Act of Queen's enemies 218
Inherent vice 218
CONTRACTUAL EXCEPTIONS 219
Perils of the sea 219
Arrest or restraint of princes 220
Hostilities and riots 220
Strikes 220
Latent defects 221
Fire 221
OTHER TERMS IN BILLS OF LADING 221
Responsibility for loading 221
Freight 222
Lien 225
CONCLUSION 226
FURTHER READING 226
8 CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA: BILLS OF LADING AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1971 （HAGUE-VISBY RULES） 229
INTRODUCTION 229
INTERPRETATION OF THE HAGUE-VISBY RULES IN THE ENGLISH COURTS 231
CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 233
Duty to provide a seaworthy ship 235
Cargo management 240
Documentary responsibilities 242
Duty to pursue the contract voyage 243
CARRIER'S IMMUNITIES 246
Unseaworthiness 246
Negligence in navigation or management of the ship 246
Fire 248
Perils of the sea 250
Act of God 250
Act of war, public enemies and riots 250
Act of authorities and quarantine 251
Act or omission of shipper 251
Strikes and lock outs 251
Saving life or properand deviation 252
Wastage and inherent vice 252
Defective packing and marking 252
Latent defects 252
Catch-all exception 253
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 254
Liability for 'loss or damage' 254
Liability in contract and in tort and availability of limitation 254
Calculation of liability 259
Loss of limitation 261
Time limitation 262
SHIPPER'S DUTIES AND IMMUNITIES 264
Delivery for loading 264
Shipper's guarantee 264
Dangerous goods 265
General average 267
Status of terms not included in the Rules 267
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 268
Incorporation of charterparty terms in bills of lading 273
Kinds of carriage 274
Kinds of cargo 275
Period of application 278
CONTRACTING OUT 280
THE FUTURE 283
FURTHER READING 283
9 THE HAMBURG RULES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS （THE ROTTERDAM RULES） 285
INTRODUCTION 285
INTERPRETATION OF THE CONVENTION 288
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 289
Carrier's responsibilies and liabilities 292
Carrier's exceptions 297
Electronic data interchange （EDI） and the Hamburg Rules 298
Contracting out 299
Carrier's rights 300
Liability limits 301
Shipper's responsibilities 302
Shipper's undertaking to indemnify carrier 303
Choice of forum 303
Hamburg Rules - the future 304
THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS WHOLLY OR PARTLY BY SEA - THE ROTTERDAM RULES 305
Scope of application 306
Carrier's responsibilities, liabilities and rights 308
Documentary responsibilites 311
Shipper's liabilites 312
Contracting out 312
Liability limits 312
Choice of forum 314
Innovative provisions 314
CONCLUSION 316
FURTHER READING 329
10 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR 331
INTRODUCTION 331
THE WARSAW SYSTEM 331
Warsaw Convention 1929 332
Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol 1955 333
Guadalajara Convention 1961 333
Guatemala Protocol 1971 333
Montreal Additional Protocols Nos 1-3 333
Montreal Additional Protocol No 4 334
APPROACH TO INTERPRETATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION IN THE ENGLISH COURTS 335
SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION （UNAMENDED AND AMENDED VERSIONS） 335
CONTRACTING OUT 337
DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 338
Amended version 338
Unamended version 339
Montreal4 340
AIR WAYBILL AND NEGOTIABILITY 340
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE WARSAW REGIME 341
CARRIER LIABILITY 341
Period of responsibility 342
Liability limits 343
Payment of interest 344
Loss of limits of liability 345
Availability of limitation to parties other than carrier 347
CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 348
CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 349
PROCEEDINGS 349
Choice of forum 349
Arbitration 353
By whom 354
Time limitation 355
THE MONTREAL CONVENTION 355
FURTHER READING 360
11 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY RAIL 361
INTRODUCTION 361
INTERPRETATION OF THE CIM 362
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 362
Status of carrier 363
Combined transport 363
DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 364
The consignment note 364
Evidential value 366
Examination and verification 366
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CIM RULES 367
CONTRACTING OUT 367
CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 368
Period of responsibility and liability for loss, damage or delay 368
Liability amount 370
Documentary formalities 371
CARRIER'S RIGHTS 371
CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 371
Loading operations 371
Responsibilities in respect of customs documents, loading and packing of goods 372
Payment of charges 372
Choice of route and transit 372
Modification of contract 373
CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 373
Charges and delivery 373
Modification of contract 373
PROCEEDINGS 374
By whom 374
Against whom 374
Choice of forum 375
Time limitation 375
CONCLUSION 376
FURTHER READING 376
12 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD 377
INTRODUCTION 377
INTERPRETATION OF THE CMR BY THE ENGLISH COURTS 377
SCOPE OF APPLICATION 378
Combined transport 380
CONTRACTING OUT 382
DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 383
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CMR 385
CARRIER'S LIABILITIES AND RIGHTS 386
Roadworthy vehicle 386
Period of responsibility 386
Liability for loss, damage and delay 386
Carrier liability and 'cash on delivery' 389
Liability amount 389
Availability of limitation 390
Loss of limitation of liability 390
Carrier's rights 391
SENDER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 392
Dangerous goods 392
Packing 392
Customs formalities 393
Choice of route 393
Modification of contract 393
CONSIGNEE'S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 394
Modification of contract 394
Freight and supplementary charges 394
PROCEEDINGS 394
By whom 394
Against whom 395
Jurisdiction 396
Arbitration 397
Time limitation 398
CMR - THE FUTURE 399
FURTHER READING 399
13 INTERNATIONAL MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT 401
INTRODUCTION 401
FREIGHT FORWARDER - AGENT OR PRINCIPAL? 403
Responsibilities and liabilities of an agent 407
Agent's rights 408
UNIFICATION EFFORTS BY THE INDUSTRY 408
BIFA Standard Trading Conditions 409
FIATA NEGOTIABLE MULTIMODAL BILL OF LADING 412
Applicability of FIATA Bill terms 413
Responsibilities, liabilities and rights of the freight forwarder 413
Consignor's responsibilities 414
Provision for combined transport in unimodal conventions 414
The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport 1980 - its future 415
CONCLUSION 417
FURTHER READING 425
PART Ⅳ FINANCING AND INSURANCE 429
OVERVIEW 429
14 MARINE INSURANCE 431
INTRODUCTION 431
SCOPE AND NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS 432
Obtaining marine insurance cover 432
Payment of premium 434
Different kinds of policies 435
PRINCIPLES OF MARINE INSURANCE LAW 437
A contract of utmost good faith 437
Insurable interest 442
Subrogation and double insurance 443
Assignment 445
WARRANTIES ON THE PART OF THE INSURED - IMPLIED AND EXPRESS 446
Implied warranties （seaworthiness, legality） 446
Express warranties 448
DEVIATION 448
LIABILITY OF INSURER 449
Doctrine of proximate causation 449
Types of losses 450
INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES （A）, （B） AND （C） 452
Historical background 452
Institute Cargo Clauses （A） 453
Institute Cargo Clauses （B） 455
Institute Cargo Clauses （C） 456
CONCLUSION 456
FURTHER READING 461
15 LETTERS OF CREDIT 463
INTRODUCTION 463
OPEN ACCOUNT 463
BILLS OF EXCHANGE 464
DOCUMENTARY BILL 467
LETTERS OF CREDIT 468
Law relating to letters of credit 469
Letters of credit: their nature and advantages 470
Stages in a documentary credit transaction 471
Characteristics of letters of credit - autonomy and strict compliance 474
Ambiguous instructions from buyer and linkage of documents 483
Types of letters of credit 483
The opening of a letter of credit 491
Waiver and variation 493
Tender of documents by seller （beneficiary） 494
Obligations of the bank（s） to the seller 496
The fraud exception 500
Information technology （IT） and letters of credit 502
PERFORMANCE BONDS/GUARANTEES AND STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT 503
Performance bonds/ guarantees 503
Standby letters of credit 504
OTHER MEANS OF MINIMISING RISK OF NON-PAYMENT 507
CONCLUSION 510
FURTHER READING 511
PART Ⅴ DISPUTE RESOLUTION 515
OVERVIEW 515
16 CIVIL JURISDICTION 517
INTRODUCTION 517
THE DEFENDANT'S DOMICILE 521
SUBMISSION BY APPEARANCE 525
ORDINARY CONTRACTS 526
TORT CLAIMS 533
ANCILLARY JURISDICTION 536
Co-defendants 536
Third parties 538
Counterclaims 539
JURISDICTION CLAUSES 540
INSURANCE, CONSUMER AND EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 545
Insurance 546
Consumer contracts 548
Employment contracts 552
SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS 554
INTERIM RELIEF 559
CONCLUSION 561
FURTHER READING 561
17 CHOICE OF LAW 563
INTRODUCTION 563
THE PROPER LAW - EXPRESS CHOICE 566
THE PROPER LAW - IMPLIED CHOICE 570
THE PROPER LAW - CLOSEST CONNECTION 573
PARTICULAR ISSUES 581
ENGLISH PUBLIC POLICY AND OVERRIDING MANDATORY RULES 584
CERTAIN PARTICULAR TYPES OF CONTRACT 589
Consumer contracts 589
Contracts for the carriage of passengers 593
Employment contracts 593
Insurance contracts 597
TORTS AND RESTITUTIONARY OBLIGATIONS 601
CONCLUSION 605
FURTHER READING 605
18 FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 607
INTRODUCTION 607
EUROPEAN JUDGMENTS 607
EXTERNAL JUDGMENTS 615
CONCLUSION 622
FURTHER READING 622
19 ARBITRATION 623
INTRODUCTION 623
CHARACTERISTICS 623
ARBITRATION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 629
Institutional arbitration 629
Ad hoc arbitration 630
ARBITRATION UNDER ENGLISH LAW 631
Applicable substantive law 635
Stay of court proceedings 637
Challenging arbitral awards 638
Recent trends: arbitration online 643
FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 644
CONCLUSION 648
FURTHER READING 649
20 MEDIATION （CONCILIATION）: AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION 651
INTRODUCTION 651
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 653
DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGLAND 656
FEATURES AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES 657
Mediation agreement 657
Confidentiality and mediator immunity 660
Settlement agreement and enforceability 662
MEDIATION ONLINE 663
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS - THE EU DIRECTIVE 664
CONCLUSION 666
FURTHER READING 667
PART Ⅵ CORRUPTION 671
OVERVIEW 671
21 FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 673
INTRODUCTION 673
DEFINING CORRUPTION 676
THE OECD CONVENTION 678
Liability of legal persons 679
Sanctions 680
Enforcement 680
Other provisions 681
THE UN CONVENTION 682
Offences 682
Investigation and other procedural aspects 685
Asset recovery 687
Sanctions 690
Implementation 692
Criminal law, its limitations and preventive measures 692
BUSINESS CODES OF CONDUCT 694
CONCLUSION 696
FURTHER READING 696
APPENDICES 697
APPENDIX 1: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922 AND 1976） 697
APPENDIX 2: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922, 1976 AND 1994） 701
APPENDIX 3: NYPE 93 705
APPENDIX 4: CONGENBILL 717
APPENDIX 5: GENWAYBILL 719
APPENDIX 6: MULTIDOC 95 721
APPENDIX 7: NEGOTIABLE FIATA MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT BILL OF LADING 723
Index 725