INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

PART I INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS 3

OVERVIEW 3

1 STANDARD TRADE TERMS 5

INTRODUCTION 5

EX WORKS 6

CIF CONTRACTS 6

What is a CIF contract? 6

Judicial definition of a CIF contract 7

Is a CIF contract simply a sale of documents? 10

Duties of the seller under a CIF contract 11

Duty to procure and prepare documents 14

Invoice 14

Bill of lading 15

Insurance 17

Licences 20

Tender of documents 21

Seller's remedies 22

Passing of property 24

Passing of risk 26

Duties of the buyer 27

Buyer's remedies 28

Variants of a CIF contract 31

CIF and arrival contracts 31

CIF CONTRACTS UNDER INCOTERMS 2000 32

Obligations of the seller 32

Obligations of the buyer 34

C&F CONTRACTS 35

C&F AND INCOTERMS 35

FOB CONTRACTS 36

Duties of the seller under a classic FOB contract 38

Seller's remedies 41

Duties of the buyer 42

Buyer's remedies 43

Export and import licences 44

Passing of property 45

Passing of risk 45

VARIANTS OF AN FOB CONTRACT 46

FOB with additional services 46

FAS CONTRACTS 46

FOB contracts under INCOTERMS 2000 47

INCOTERMS 2000 - a brief overview 49

CONCLUSION 51

FURTHER READING 55

2 THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 1980 57

INTRODUCTION 57

THE VIENNA CONVENTION 61

Structure and features 61

Sphere of application 62

Exclusion of issues 66

Party autonomy and the Vienna Convention 68

Trade usage and the Vienna Convention 70

Interpretation of the Vienna Convention 71

Formation of a contract 72

Obligations of the seller 76

Obligations of the buyer 77

Passing of risk 81

Remedies 83

Exemption 91

CONCLUSION: RECENT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES 92

UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 92

Principles of European Contract Law 95

FURTHER READING 96

PART Ⅱ REGULATING THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT 101

OVERVIEW 101

3 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE —LEGAL ISSUES AND HARMONISATION 103

INTRODUCTION 103

POLICY CONSIDERATIONS, E-COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY MEASURES 104

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND INTERCHANGE AGREEMENTS 107

UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON E-COMMERCE 108

Background, guiding principles and harmonisation 108

Part I - e-commerce 110

Part II - carriage of goods 115

OTHER INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES - THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 116

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON E-COMMERCE 117

E-commerce, free movement of services and transparency provisions 117

Contractual matters 119

Liability of third party service providers 119

Implementation 120

THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE USE OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 120

Scope of application 121

Functional equivalence 122

Time and place of dispatch and receipt 123

Relationship to other instruments 123

CONCLUSION 123

FURTHER READING 124

4 THE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION AND SECURITY ISSUES 125

INTRODUCTION 125

ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND UNCITRAL 126

Founding principles 128

The Model Law on Electronic Signatures 130

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND THE UK LEGISLATION: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ACT 2000 AND THE ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REGULATION 2002 136

ELECTRONIC MEDIUM AND COMPUTER MISUSE 138

Legislative developments in different jurisdictions 138

Council of Europe and computer crime 143

Council of Europe and procedural aspects of cybercrime investigation 149

CONCLUSION: A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR E-COMMERCE? 156

FURTHER READING 156

PART Ⅲ TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO 159

OVERVIEW 159

5 TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS BY SEA - CHARTERPARTIES 161

INTRODUCTION 161

TYPES OF CHARTERPARTIES 162

Voyage charterparty 162

Time charterparty 163

Demise charterparty 163

COMMON LAW IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS IN A VOYAGE CHARTERPARTY 164

Nomination of a safe port 164

Not to ship dangerous goods 168

COMMON LAW IMMUNITIES 169

USUAL EXPRESS TERMS 169

CONCLUSION 171

FURTHER READING 172

6 BILLS OF LADING 173

INTRODUCTION 173

NATURE OF A BILL OF LADING 174

Bill of lading as a receipt 174

Bills within the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 174

Bills outside the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 175

Enforceability of indemnity agreements for issuing clean bills of lading 178

Bill of lading as evidence of contract of carriage 180

Bill of lading as contract of carriage 181

Bill of lading as document of title 181

Delivery against bills of lading 183

RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF CONSIGNEE /ENDORSEE 185

Problems caused by the Bill of Lading Act 1855 186

Position of pledgees 186

Right to sue and bulk goods 187

The implied contract approach 187

The special contract approach 188

Liability in tort 188

Endorsement of bill of lading after delivery 189

THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992 189

Rights of suit 189

Transfer of rights 190

Imposition of liabilities 193

BILLS OF LADING AND FRAUD 195

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992 197

Advantages and disadvantages of using electronic documents 198

Electronic bills of lading: the SEADOCS scheme, CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading 201

CONCLUSION 204

FURTHER READING 204

7 BILLS OF LADING AND COMMON LAW 207

INTRODUCTION 207

IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPOWNER 207

Seaworthiness 208

Due dispatch 212

Deviation 213

Negligence 216

IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPPER 217

SHIPOWNER'S IMMUNITIES 218

COMMON LAW EXCEPTIONS 218

Act of God 218

Act of Queen's enemies 218

Inherent vice 218

CONTRACTUAL EXCEPTIONS 219

Perils of the sea 219

Arrest or restraint of princes 220

Hostilities and riots 220

Strikes 220

Latent defects 221

Fire 221

OTHER TERMS IN BILLS OF LADING 221

Responsibility for loading 221

Freight 222

Lien 225

CONCLUSION 226

FURTHER READING 226

8 CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA: BILLS OF LADING AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1971 （HAGUE-VISBY RULES） 229

INTRODUCTION 229

INTERPRETATION OF THE HAGUE-VISBY RULES IN THE ENGLISH COURTS 231

CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 233

Duty to provide a seaworthy ship 235

Cargo management 240

Documentary responsibilities 242

Duty to pursue the contract voyage 243

CARRIER'S IMMUNITIES 246

Unseaworthiness 246

Negligence in navigation or management of the ship 246

Fire 248

Perils of the sea 250

Act of God 250

Act of war, public enemies and riots 250

Act of authorities and quarantine 251

Act or omission of shipper 251

Strikes and lock outs 251

Saving life or properand deviation 252

Wastage and inherent vice 252

Defective packing and marking 252

Latent defects 252

Catch-all exception 253

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 254

Liability for 'loss or damage' 254

Liability in contract and in tort and availability of limitation 254

Calculation of liability 259

Loss of limitation 261

Time limitation 262

SHIPPER'S DUTIES AND IMMUNITIES 264

Delivery for loading 264

Shipper's guarantee 264

Dangerous goods 265

General average 267

Status of terms not included in the Rules 267

SCOPE OF APPLICATION 268

Incorporation of charterparty terms in bills of lading 273

Kinds of carriage 274

Kinds of cargo 275

Period of application 278

CONTRACTING OUT 280

THE FUTURE 283

FURTHER READING 283

9 THE HAMBURG RULES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS （THE ROTTERDAM RULES） 285

INTRODUCTION 285

INTERPRETATION OF THE CONVENTION 288

SCOPE OF APPLICATION 289

Carrier's responsibilies and liabilities 292

Carrier's exceptions 297

Electronic data interchange （EDI） and the Hamburg Rules 298

Contracting out 299

Carrier's rights 300

Liability limits 301

Shipper's responsibilities 302

Shipper's undertaking to indemnify carrier 303

Choice of forum 303

Hamburg Rules - the future 304

THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS WHOLLY OR PARTLY BY SEA - THE ROTTERDAM RULES 305

Scope of application 306

Carrier's responsibilities, liabilities and rights 308

Documentary responsibilites 311

Shipper's liabilites 312

Contracting out 312

Liability limits 312

Choice of forum 314

Innovative provisions 314

CONCLUSION 316

FURTHER READING 329

10 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR 331

INTRODUCTION 331

THE WARSAW SYSTEM 331

Warsaw Convention 1929 332

Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol 1955 333

Guadalajara Convention 1961 333

Guatemala Protocol 1971 333

Montreal Additional Protocols Nos 1-3 333

Montreal Additional Protocol No 4 334

APPROACH TO INTERPRETATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION IN THE ENGLISH COURTS 335

SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION （UNAMENDED AND AMENDED VERSIONS） 335

CONTRACTING OUT 337

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 338

Amended version 338

Unamended version 339

Montreal4 340

AIR WAYBILL AND NEGOTIABILITY 340

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE WARSAW REGIME 341

CARRIER LIABILITY 341

Period of responsibility 342

Liability limits 343

Payment of interest 344

Loss of limits of liability 345

Availability of limitation to parties other than carrier 347

CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 348

CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 349

PROCEEDINGS 349

Choice of forum 349

Arbitration 353

By whom 354

Time limitation 355

THE MONTREAL CONVENTION 355

FURTHER READING 360

11 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY RAIL 361

INTRODUCTION 361

INTERPRETATION OF THE CIM 362

SCOPE OF APPLICATION 362

Status of carrier 363

Combined transport 363

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 364

The consignment note 364

Evidential value 366

Examination and verification 366

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CIM RULES 367

CONTRACTING OUT 367

CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 368

Period of responsibility and liability for loss, damage or delay 368

Liability amount 370

Documentary formalities 371

CARRIER'S RIGHTS 371

CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 371

Loading operations 371

Responsibilities in respect of customs documents, loading and packing of goods 372

Payment of charges 372

Choice of route and transit 372

Modification of contract 373

CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 373

Charges and delivery 373

Modification of contract 373

PROCEEDINGS 374

By whom 374

Against whom 374

Choice of forum 375

Time limitation 375

CONCLUSION 376

FURTHER READING 376

12 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD 377

INTRODUCTION 377

INTERPRETATION OF THE CMR BY THE ENGLISH COURTS 377

SCOPE OF APPLICATION 378

Combined transport 380

CONTRACTING OUT 382

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES 383

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CMR 385

CARRIER'S LIABILITIES AND RIGHTS 386

Roadworthy vehicle 386

Period of responsibility 386

Liability for loss, damage and delay 386

Carrier liability and 'cash on delivery' 389

Liability amount 389

Availability of limitation 390

Loss of limitation of liability 390

Carrier's rights 391

SENDER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS 392

Dangerous goods 392

Packing 392

Customs formalities 393

Choice of route 393

Modification of contract 393

CONSIGNEE'S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 394

Modification of contract 394

Freight and supplementary charges 394

PROCEEDINGS 394

By whom 394

Against whom 395

Jurisdiction 396

Arbitration 397

Time limitation 398

CMR - THE FUTURE 399

FURTHER READING 399

13 INTERNATIONAL MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT 401

INTRODUCTION 401

FREIGHT FORWARDER - AGENT OR PRINCIPAL? 403

Responsibilities and liabilities of an agent 407

Agent's rights 408

UNIFICATION EFFORTS BY THE INDUSTRY 408

BIFA Standard Trading Conditions 409

FIATA NEGOTIABLE MULTIMODAL BILL OF LADING 412

Applicability of FIATA Bill terms 413

Responsibilities, liabilities and rights of the freight forwarder 413

Consignor's responsibilities 414

Provision for combined transport in unimodal conventions 414

The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport 1980 - its future 415

CONCLUSION 417

FURTHER READING 425

PART Ⅳ FINANCING AND INSURANCE 429

OVERVIEW 429

14 MARINE INSURANCE 431

INTRODUCTION 431

SCOPE AND NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS 432

Obtaining marine insurance cover 432

Payment of premium 434

Different kinds of policies 435

PRINCIPLES OF MARINE INSURANCE LAW 437

A contract of utmost good faith 437

Insurable interest 442

Subrogation and double insurance 443

Assignment 445

WARRANTIES ON THE PART OF THE INSURED - IMPLIED AND EXPRESS 446

Implied warranties （seaworthiness, legality） 446

Express warranties 448

DEVIATION 448

LIABILITY OF INSURER 449

Doctrine of proximate causation 449

Types of losses 450

INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES （A）, （B） AND （C） 452

Historical background 452

Institute Cargo Clauses （A） 453

Institute Cargo Clauses （B） 455

Institute Cargo Clauses （C） 456

CONCLUSION 456

FURTHER READING 461

15 LETTERS OF CREDIT 463

INTRODUCTION 463

OPEN ACCOUNT 463

BILLS OF EXCHANGE 464

DOCUMENTARY BILL 467

LETTERS OF CREDIT 468

Law relating to letters of credit 469

Letters of credit: their nature and advantages 470

Stages in a documentary credit transaction 471

Characteristics of letters of credit - autonomy and strict compliance 474

Ambiguous instructions from buyer and linkage of documents 483

Types of letters of credit 483

The opening of a letter of credit 491

Waiver and variation 493

Tender of documents by seller （beneficiary） 494

Obligations of the bank（s） to the seller 496

The fraud exception 500

Information technology （IT） and letters of credit 502

PERFORMANCE BONDS/GUARANTEES AND STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT 503

Performance bonds/ guarantees 503

Standby letters of credit 504

OTHER MEANS OF MINIMISING RISK OF NON-PAYMENT 507

CONCLUSION 510

FURTHER READING 511

PART Ⅴ DISPUTE RESOLUTION 515

OVERVIEW 515

16 CIVIL JURISDICTION 517

INTRODUCTION 517

THE DEFENDANT'S DOMICILE 521

SUBMISSION BY APPEARANCE 525

ORDINARY CONTRACTS 526

TORT CLAIMS 533

ANCILLARY JURISDICTION 536

Co-defendants 536

Third parties 538

Counterclaims 539

JURISDICTION CLAUSES 540

INSURANCE, CONSUMER AND EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 545

Insurance 546

Consumer contracts 548

Employment contracts 552

SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS 554

INTERIM RELIEF 559

CONCLUSION 561

FURTHER READING 561

17 CHOICE OF LAW 563

INTRODUCTION 563

THE PROPER LAW - EXPRESS CHOICE 566

THE PROPER LAW - IMPLIED CHOICE 570

THE PROPER LAW - CLOSEST CONNECTION 573

PARTICULAR ISSUES 581

ENGLISH PUBLIC POLICY AND OVERRIDING MANDATORY RULES 584

CERTAIN PARTICULAR TYPES OF CONTRACT 589

Consumer contracts 589

Contracts for the carriage of passengers 593

Employment contracts 593

Insurance contracts 597

TORTS AND RESTITUTIONARY OBLIGATIONS 601

CONCLUSION 605

FURTHER READING 605

18 FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 607

INTRODUCTION 607

EUROPEAN JUDGMENTS 607

EXTERNAL JUDGMENTS 615

CONCLUSION 622

FURTHER READING 622

19 ARBITRATION 623

INTRODUCTION 623

CHARACTERISTICS 623

ARBITRATION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 629

Institutional arbitration 629

Ad hoc arbitration 630

ARBITRATION UNDER ENGLISH LAW 631

Applicable substantive law 635

Stay of court proceedings 637

Challenging arbitral awards 638

Recent trends: arbitration online 643

FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 644

CONCLUSION 648

FURTHER READING 649

20 MEDIATION （CONCILIATION）: AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION 651

INTRODUCTION 651

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 653

DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGLAND 656

FEATURES AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES 657

Mediation agreement 657

Confidentiality and mediator immunity 660

Settlement agreement and enforceability 662

MEDIATION ONLINE 663

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS - THE EU DIRECTIVE 664

CONCLUSION 666

FURTHER READING 667

PART Ⅵ CORRUPTION 671

OVERVIEW 671

21 FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 673

INTRODUCTION 673

DEFINING CORRUPTION 676

THE OECD CONVENTION 678

Liability of legal persons 679

Sanctions 680

Enforcement 680

Other provisions 681

THE UN CONVENTION 682

Offences 682

Investigation and other procedural aspects 685

Asset recovery 687

Sanctions 690

Implementation 692

Criminal law, its limitations and preventive measures 692

BUSINESS CODES OF CONDUCT 694

CONCLUSION 696

FURTHER READING 696

APPENDICES 697

APPENDIX 1: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922 AND 1976） 697

APPENDIX 2: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922, 1976 AND 1994） 701

APPENDIX 3: NYPE 93 705

APPENDIX 4: CONGENBILL 717

APPENDIX 5: GENWAYBILL 719

APPENDIX 6: MULTIDOC 95 721

APPENDIX 7: NEGOTIABLE FIATA MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT BILL OF LADING 723

Index 725