PART ONE INTRODUCTION 3
1 Sovereignty and Self-determination 3
1:1 Sovereignty and its aspects 3
1:2 Territorial independence and self-determination 4
2 Sovereignty and its Limitations 21
2:1 Types of restrictions of territorial sovereignty 21
2:2 Presumption in favour of the competence of the territorial state 23
PART TWO RESTRICTIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER TERRITORY 29
3 Passage Through Water 29
3:1 Territorial waters and adjacent zones 29
3:2 Passage through straits and artificial canals 41
3:3 Rights of navigation on international rivers 44
3:4 Internal waters 45
4 Passage Over Land 59
4:1 Requirement of treaty regulation or consent in casu for fixed installations 60
4:2 Transit by road 65
5 Passage Through Air 79
5:1 Historical background 79
5:2 ICAO regulations 80
5:3 Limits of the airspace 82
5:4 A general right of transit? 84
6 Other Restrictions of Sovereignty Relating to Territory 91
6:1 Questions of pollution 91
6:2 Equitable use of water 95
PART THREE RESTRICTIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER INDIVIDUALS AND PROPERTY 101
7 General Rules on Immunity for State Activities 101
7:1 State agency trading and private acts of heads of state 102
7:2 Jurisdiction over foreign ships 103
7:3 Jurisdiction over visiting forces and foreign military bases 105
7:4 Immunity of foreign state property? 107
8 Immunity of Diplomats and Consuls 115
8:1 Immunity of diplomats 115
8:2 Immunity of consuls 119
8:3 Immunity of state delegates and international civil servants 121
9 Treatment of Individuals 125
9:1 Treatment of aliens 125
9:2 Treatment of a state's own nationals 129
9:3 Derogation from sovereignty by extraterritorial asylum 134
PART FOUR COERCION AND CONSENT 141
10 Coercion of a State to Conclude Treaties 141
10:1 Developing countries' need for safeguards 141
10:2 Coercion and its historical background 143
10:3 Types of illegal force 148
11 Expression of a State's Consent 165
11:1 Force against whom? 165
11:2 The requirement of consent and the problem of state succesion 173
12 The Problem of Unequal Treaties 195
12:1 Identification of unequal treaties 195
12:2 Agreements restricting territorial sovereignty and the theory of continuous consent 197
12:3 Potentially unequal treaties:agreements on military bases 200
12:4 'Sovereign' rights over foreign military bases 214
12:5 Legal characteristics of military base agreements 216
PART FIVE CONCLUSIONS 227
Conclusions 227
Index of Cases 233
Index of Treaties 237
Index of Subjects 243