INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 2
Fishing 2
Marine Pollution 3
Navigation 4
Research 5
Continental Shelf Activities 5
Deep Ocean Activities 5
GOALS FOR ADEQUATE LOS ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM 6
OCEAN LAW ENFORCEMENT 9
FISHERIES 10
Trend in Decisions 10
Internal Waters and Territorial Sea 10
Coastal State Authority over Adjacent Ocean Areas 10
International Treaty Provisions 12
Surveillance 12
Stopping and Boarding 14
Inspection 15
Post-Inspection Actions 16
Reporting 16
Arrest or Seizure 17
Trial and Sanctions 18
National Fisheries Law Enforcement 19
Law of the Sea (LOS) Proposals 28
200-Mile Territorial Sea 29
Economic Zone Proposals 29
The United States Proposal 29
The African Proposal 30
The Soviet Proposal 31
E.E.C. Fisheries Proposal 32
LOS Single Negotiating Text 33
Appraisal and Recommendation 35
Appraisal 35
200-Mile Territorial Sea 35
Economic Zone:U.S. Proposal 36
Economic Zone:African Proposal 38
Economic Zone:Soviet Proposal 39
Fisheries Proposal:EEC 39
LOS Single Negotiating Text 40
Recommendation 41
MARINE POLLUTION 47
Trend in Decisions 47
Vessel-Source Pollution 47
Surveillance 48
Inspection 48
Notice 50
Arrest 50
Trial and Sanctions 51
Settlement of Disputes 53
Marine Pollution: Non-Vessel Marine Sources 53
LOS Proposals 54
Vessel-Source Pollution 54
LOS Single Negotiating Text 60
Non-Vessel Marine Sources:Within National Jurisdiction 63
LOS Single Negotiating Text 64
Non-Vessel Marine Sources:Beyond National Jurisdiction 65
LOS Single Negotiating Text 66
Appraisal and Recommendation 67
Vessel-Source Pollution 67
Vessel Activity Outside National Jurisdiction 68
Prescription 68
Flag State Enforcement Competence 68
Port State Enforcement Competence 69
International Enforcement Competence 69
Vessel Activity Within National Jurisdiction 70
Prescription 70
Flag State Enforcement Competence 71
Coastal State Enforcement Competence 72
Port State Enforcement Competence 73
International Enforcement Competence 73
African Economic Zone Proposal 73
Nigeria 74
Kenya 74
Canada and others 75
Canada 76
Ecuador and others 76
France 77
Federal Republic of Germany 77
Greece 78
Norway 79
The Netherlands 79
United States 79
The LOS Single Negotiating Text 81
Flag State Competences 81
Port State Competences 82
Coastal State Competence 83
Non-Vessel Source Marine Pollution 83
LOS Single Negotiating Text 86
NAVIGATION 88
Trend in Decisions 88
Internal Waters 88
Territorial Sea 88
Areas Beyond the Territorial Sea 88
LOS Proposals 90
Archipelagic Waters 90
Territorial Sea 93
Definition of Coastal Interests 94
Scope of Coastal Authority to Prescribe Laws and Regulations 95
LOS Single Negotiating Text 98
Scope of Coastal Authority to Apply Laws and Regulations 99
LOS Single Negotiating Text 100
Straits 100
LOS Single Negotiating Text 105
Economic Zone 105
LOS Single Negotiating Text 107
Appraisal and Recommendation 107
Archipelagic Waters 107
Territorial Sea 108
Economic Zone 108
RESEARCH 110
Trend in Decision 110
LOS Proposals 110
LOS Single Negotiating Text 111
The Economic Zone 111
The Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 112
Appraisal and Recommendation 114
CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES 116
Trend in Decision 116
LOS Proposals 117
Appraisal and Recommendation 118
DEEP OCEAN ACTIVITIES 121
Trend in Decision 121
LOS Proposals 121
LOS Single Negotiating Text 122
Appraisal and Recommendation 124
COMMON ELEMENTS OF ENFORCEMENT PROBLEM 126
SURVEILLANCE AND INSPECTION 126
Record or Log Books 127
Automatic Monitoring Devices 128
In-Port Inspection of Vessels 128
Remote Sensing 129
Tagging of Cargoes 130
On-Site Observers 130
Inspection of Offshore Installations 130
Inspection of Vessels at Sea 130
HOT PURSUIT 131
TRIAL AND SANCTIONS PHASE 132
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 134
FAILURE TO NEGOTIATE EFFECTIVE LOS AGREEMENTS 137
FOOTNOTES 140
APPENDIX Ⅰ INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES ENFORCEMENT MATRIX 184
Legend 188
Footnotes 193
APPENDIX Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL 198
Outline of Contents 198
Appendix 200
Footnotes 225
APPENDIX Ⅲ TABLE OF TREATIES CONSULTED IN PREPARATION OF THE STUDY 236
APPENDIX Ⅳ TABLE OF ACRONYMS 244