CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF THE INTER- NATIONAL SYSTEM 1
SECTION A. Application Within National Legal Systems 4
1. Rules of Customary International Law Not in Con- flict with Domestic Law 4
Practices of National Courts 10
2. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with Customary International Law 14
3. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with International Agreements 23
4. Domestic Arrangements for Insuring National Ac-tion in Conformity with International Law 35
Creation of Department of Foreign Affairs 35
Legal Adviser to Department of Foreign Affairs 36
Express Legislative Directive 42
Standing Instructions to Services 43
Intervention by Highest Authority 47
National Apology 48
SECTION B. Application in Diplomatic Practice 49
SECTION C. Application in International Tribunals 54
1. The International Court of Justice 54
2. International Arbitration 72
3. Compliance with Decisions of International Tribunals 74
SECTION D. Application in the United Nations 77
SECTION E. When Supreme Interests Are Jeopardized 83
SECTION F. Reprise: Nature of International Law 84
PART Ⅰ. ALLOCATION OF JURISDICTION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 89
CHAPTER 2. BASES OF JURISDICTION 89
SECTION A. Jurisdiction to Prescribe Rules of Law 90
1. Conduct Within the Territory 90
2. Conduct Outside the Territory Causing Effect With-in 95
3. Conduct Affecting Governmental Interests 115
4. Jurisdiction Based on Universal Interest 120
SECTION B. Jurisdiction to Enforce Rules of Law 122
1. Dependence of Jurisdiction to Enforce Upon Juris-diction to Prescribe 122
2. Territorial Character of Jurisdiction to Enforce 129
SECTION C. Extradition 138
CHAPTER 3. LAW OF THE SEA 145
SECTION A. Control of National Vessels 146
1. Nationality of Vessels 146
2. Jurisdiction Over Vessels 150
SECTION B. Waters Within the Territory 160
1. Baseline Separating Internal Waters From Terri-torial Sea 160
2. Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters 165
3. Breadth of the Territorial Sea 176
4. Foreign Vessels in the Territorial Sea 180
SECTION C. Waters Beyond the Territorial Sea 187
1. Freedom of Navigation 187
The Principle 187
The Contiguous Zone 191
Hot Pursuit 195
Right of Approach and Visit 200
Piracy 201
2. The Exclusive Economic Zone 203
3. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environ-ment 210
SECTION D. Allocation of the Resources of the Seabed 212
1. The Continental Shelf 212
2. Mineral Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction 222
CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELESTIAL BODIES 230
SECTION A. Activities in Airspace 230
1. Aerial Transit 230
2. Offenses Aboard Aircraft 248
3. Pollution of Airspace 267
CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELES-TIAL BODIES—Continued 278
SECTION B. Activities in Space 278
SECTION C. Celestial Bodies 285
PART Ⅱ. LIMITATIONS ON THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION 288
CHAPTER 5. THE IMMUNITY OF STATES 288
SECTION A. Extent of the Immunity of the State 288
1. Absolute and Restrictive Theories: Historical Per-spective 290
Absolute Theory of Immunity 290
Restrictive Theory of Immunity 301
2. The Distinction Between Public and Private Acts 311
3. The Distinction Between Public Acts and Commer-cial Acts 324
4. Waiver of the Immunity 341
SECTION B. Immunity of the Property of the State 345
1. Proceedings Involving Interests of the State in Prop-erty 345
2. Extent of Immunity of State Property From Attach-ment or Execution 352
CHAPTER 6. THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE 365
SECTION A. The Basic Court-Made Doctrine in the United States 366
SECTION B. Legislative and Executive Influences on Judi-cial Application or Non-Application of the Doctrine in the United States 389
SECTION C. The Scope of the Act of State Doctrine in the International System 408
1. Property Localized Outside the Nationalizing State 408
2. Invalidation of Title and Restitution as Remedies for Nationalization 413
CHAPTER 7. RESOLUTION OF JURISDICTIONAL CON-FLICTS 421
SECTION A. Multinational Taxation 423
SECTION B. Visiting Foreign Forces 430
SECTION C. Control of Economic Activity 442
1. Jurisdictional Conflicts as to United States Antitrust 443
The Principle of Section 40 of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States 468
2. Problem as to the Reach of United States Securities Regulation 476
3. Other Lines of Solution? 484
PART Ⅲ. THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM 488
CHAPTER 8. PROTECTION AND ALLEGIANCE 488
SECTION A. Nationality: Loss of its Benefits 489
Consequences of Statelessness 496
SECTION B. International Criteria for State Protection 499
SECTION C. Obligations of Nationality or Allegiance 517
1. The Crime of Treason 518
2. Taxation 527
3. Compulsory Military Service 535
CHAPTER 9. THE GROWTH OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY TO INDIVIDUALS 545
SECTION A. Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens 545
1. The Principle of Diplomatic Protection 546
2. The International Minimum Standard 547
SECTION B. The Human Rights Program of the United Nations 573
1. Human Rights Provisions of the Charter of the Unit-ed Nations 573
The Meaning of Article 56 575
The Question of the Self-Executing Character of Ar-ticle 56 587
2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 588
Contents of the Declaration 588
The Question of the Declaration as Law 589
3. The Human Rights Covenants 592
4. The Helsinki Final Act 596
SECTION C. Implementation of the International Law of Human Rights 602
1. The Context of Implementation at the United Na-tions 602
2. Vindication of an Individual's Rights 606
3. International Adjudication 620
4. Individual Petitions 633
5. Self-Help: Asylum and Refuge 638
SECTION D. The Human Rights Programs of Regional Or-ganizations 642
1. The Council of Europe 642
2. The Organization of American States 645
SECTION E. Genocide: Borderline of State and Individual Responsibility Under International Law 646
CHAPTER 10. THE GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSI-BILITY 651
SECTION A. Traditional War Crimes 651
SECTION B. The Innovations of Nuremberg: Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Hu-manity 704
SECTION C. Universal Jurisdiction and the Nuremberg Principles 724
SECTION D. Defensive Use of Nuremberg Principles Un-der United States Law 728
PART Ⅳ. THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 736
CHAPTER 11. THE CONCEPT OF STATEHOOD 736
1. The Question of Minimum Facts 737
2. The Question of the Normal Legal Consequences of Statehood 737
The Territorial Element in Statehood 771
CHAPTER 12. RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERN-MENTS 777
SECTION A. The Effect of Nonrecognition in Judicial Pro-ceedings 779
1. On Actions in Domestic Courts: Standing to Sue and Right to Control State Assets 779
2. On the Authority of Unrecognized Governments to Make Law 803
3. Nonrecognition Distinguished from Breaking Diplo-matic Relations 812
4. In International Tribunals 814
SECTION B. International Legal Effects of National Rec-ognition Policies 818
1. Sketches of National Policies 818
2. Emerging International Law Issues Related to Rec-ognition 834
3. Recognition of Belligerency and of Insurgency 836
CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY 841
SECTION A. Protection of Foreign Representatives 841
SECTION B. Diplomatic Immunity 844
1. Inviolability of Diplomatic Premises 844
2. Immunity of Diplomatic Agents 850
3. When Domestic Law Does Apply 850
CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY—Continued 868
4. Other Persons Entitled to Diplomatic Immunity 868
Personal Family 870
Official Family 874
5. Special Missions and Heads of State or Persons of High Rank 877
SECTION C. Consular Immunity 878
CHAPTER 14. SOME STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF INTER-NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 886
SECTION A. Profile of Some International Organizations 887
SECTION B. The International Civil Servant 895
SECTION C. Capacities and Immunities 922
PART Ⅴ. METHODS OF OPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 951
CHAPTER 15. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE IN-TERNATIONAL LAW 951
SECTION A. International Agreements as Bases of Legal Rights and Duties 953
Jus Cogens 960
SECTION B. Reservations to International Agreements 967
SECTION C. Interpretation of International Agreements 979
SECTION D. Problems of Performance， Succession， Breach，Suspension and Termination 1004
CHAPTER 16. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 1022
SECTION A. The Treaty Power， the Federal Legislative Power， and the Bill of Rights 1022
SECTION B. Executive Agreements and the Constitution 1039
1. Presidential Power 1039
The President， the Senate and the House of Repre-sentatives 1039
2. Agreements Under Presidential Power: Internal Law ? 1048
3. Separation of Powers and the Termination of Trea-ties by the President 1056
SECTION C. Problems of the Self-Executing Treaty， an American Phenomenon 1068
CHAPTER 17. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT 1078
SECTION A. Trade Law 1079
1. Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment of Trade 1079
2. Departures from Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment 1085
SECTION B. The Law of Foreign Investment 1103
1. State Responsibility for Takings 1104
2. Types of Economic Interests Treated as Entitled to Diplomatic Protection 1131
The Requirement of Public Purpose 1143
Claims for Taking of Corporate Assets 1145
3. The Fundamentals of International Claims 1149
Exhaustion of Remedies and Other Preconditions 1152
Waiver by Private Party 1160
Espousal of Claims 1163
Remedies for Nationalization 1174
4. Reduction of Transnational Investment Conflict 1182
PART Ⅵ. THEORIES ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM 1197
CHAPTER 18. PERSPECTIVES ON THE JURISPRUDEN-TIAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1197
PART Ⅶ. THE USE OF FORCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1230
CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES 1230
SECTION A. Evolution of Law Against Use of Force by States 1230
SECTION B. The Problem of Self Defense 1240
1. Missiles in Cuba 1240
United States Proclamation: Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba 1244
2. Preservation of Socialism in Czechoslovakia 1247
3. The Claim of Collective Self-Defense in South Vietnam 1253
4. Soviet Troops in Afghanistan 1257
CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES—Continued 1264
SECTION C. Challenges to the Prohibition of the Use of Force 1264
1. Vital National Interests 1264
2. Anticipatory Self-Defense 1267
3. National Liberation Movements 1274
4. Rescue of Hostages 1285
SECTION D. Use of State Coercion Short of Military Force 1289
CHAPTER 20. THE USE OF FORCE BY THE UNITED NA-TIONS 1299
SECTION A. Uniting for Peace 1300
SECTION B. The United Nations Emergency Force in Egypt 1303
SECTION C. The United Nations in the Congo 1308
SECTION D. Use of United Nations Authority not Involv-ing Military Force 1321
1. South Africa: Apartheid 1321
2. Namibia (South West Africa) 1330
3. Southern Rhodesia 1344
Index 1363