CASES AND MATERIALS ON THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF THE INTER- NATIONAL SYSTEM 1

SECTION A. Application Within National Legal Systems 4

1. Rules of Customary International Law Not in Con- flict with Domestic Law 4

Practices of National Courts 10

2. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with Customary International Law 14

3. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with International Agreements 23

4. Domestic Arrangements for Insuring National Ac-tion in Conformity with International Law 35

Creation of Department of Foreign Affairs 35

Legal Adviser to Department of Foreign Affairs 36

Express Legislative Directive 42

Standing Instructions to Services 43

Intervention by Highest Authority 47

National Apology 48

SECTION B. Application in Diplomatic Practice 49

SECTION C. Application in International Tribunals 54

1. The International Court of Justice 54

2. International Arbitration 72

3. Compliance with Decisions of International Tribunals 74

SECTION D. Application in the United Nations 77

SECTION E. When Supreme Interests Are Jeopardized 83

SECTION F. Reprise: Nature of International Law 84

PART Ⅰ. ALLOCATION OF JURISDICTION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 89

CHAPTER 2. BASES OF JURISDICTION 89

SECTION A. Jurisdiction to Prescribe Rules of Law 90

1. Conduct Within the Territory 90

2. Conduct Outside the Territory Causing Effect With-in 95

3. Conduct Affecting Governmental Interests 115

4. Jurisdiction Based on Universal Interest 120

SECTION B. Jurisdiction to Enforce Rules of Law 122

1. Dependence of Jurisdiction to Enforce Upon Juris-diction to Prescribe 122

2. Territorial Character of Jurisdiction to Enforce 129

SECTION C. Extradition 138

CHAPTER 3. LAW OF THE SEA 145

SECTION A. Control of National Vessels 146

1. Nationality of Vessels 146

2. Jurisdiction Over Vessels 150

SECTION B. Waters Within the Territory 160

1. Baseline Separating Internal Waters From Terri-torial Sea 160

2. Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters 165

3. Breadth of the Territorial Sea 176

4. Foreign Vessels in the Territorial Sea 180

SECTION C. Waters Beyond the Territorial Sea 187

1. Freedom of Navigation 187

The Principle 187

The Contiguous Zone 191

Hot Pursuit 195

Right of Approach and Visit 200

Piracy 201

2. The Exclusive Economic Zone 203

3. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environ-ment 210

SECTION D. Allocation of the Resources of the Seabed 212

1. The Continental Shelf 212

2. Mineral Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction 222

CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELESTIAL BODIES 230

SECTION A. Activities in Airspace 230

1. Aerial Transit 230

2. Offenses Aboard Aircraft 248

3. Pollution of Airspace 267

CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELES-TIAL BODIES—Continued 278

SECTION B. Activities in Space 278

SECTION C. Celestial Bodies 285

PART Ⅱ. LIMITATIONS ON THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION 288

CHAPTER 5. THE IMMUNITY OF STATES 288

SECTION A. Extent of the Immunity of the State 288

1. Absolute and Restrictive Theories: Historical Per-spective 290

Absolute Theory of Immunity 290

Restrictive Theory of Immunity 301

2. The Distinction Between Public and Private Acts 311

3. The Distinction Between Public Acts and Commer-cial Acts 324

4. Waiver of the Immunity 341

SECTION B. Immunity of the Property of the State 345

1. Proceedings Involving Interests of the State in Prop-erty 345

2. Extent of Immunity of State Property From Attach-ment or Execution 352

CHAPTER 6. THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE 365

SECTION A. The Basic Court-Made Doctrine in the United States 366

SECTION B. Legislative and Executive Influences on Judi-cial Application or Non-Application of the Doctrine in the United States 389

SECTION C. The Scope of the Act of State Doctrine in the International System 408

1. Property Localized Outside the Nationalizing State 408

2. Invalidation of Title and Restitution as Remedies for Nationalization 413

CHAPTER 7. RESOLUTION OF JURISDICTIONAL CON-FLICTS 421

SECTION A. Multinational Taxation 423

SECTION B. Visiting Foreign Forces 430

SECTION C. Control of Economic Activity 442

1. Jurisdictional Conflicts as to United States Antitrust 443

The Principle of Section 40 of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States 468

2. Problem as to the Reach of United States Securities Regulation 476

3. Other Lines of Solution? 484

PART Ⅲ. THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM 488

CHAPTER 8. PROTECTION AND ALLEGIANCE 488

SECTION A. Nationality: Loss of its Benefits 489

Consequences of Statelessness 496

SECTION B. International Criteria for State Protection 499

SECTION C. Obligations of Nationality or Allegiance 517

1. The Crime of Treason 518

2. Taxation 527

3. Compulsory Military Service 535

CHAPTER 9. THE GROWTH OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY TO INDIVIDUALS 545

SECTION A. Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens 545

1. The Principle of Diplomatic Protection 546

2. The International Minimum Standard 547

SECTION B. The Human Rights Program of the United Nations 573

1. Human Rights Provisions of the Charter of the Unit-ed Nations 573

The Meaning of Article 56 575

The Question of the Self-Executing Character of Ar-ticle 56 587

2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 588

Contents of the Declaration 588

The Question of the Declaration as Law 589

3. The Human Rights Covenants 592

4. The Helsinki Final Act 596

SECTION C. Implementation of the International Law of Human Rights 602

1. The Context of Implementation at the United Na-tions 602

2. Vindication of an Individual's Rights 606

3. International Adjudication 620

4. Individual Petitions 633

5. Self-Help: Asylum and Refuge 638

SECTION D. The Human Rights Programs of Regional Or-ganizations 642

1. The Council of Europe 642

2. The Organization of American States 645

SECTION E. Genocide: Borderline of State and Individual Responsibility Under International Law 646

CHAPTER 10. THE GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSI-BILITY 651

SECTION A. Traditional War Crimes 651

SECTION B. The Innovations of Nuremberg: Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Hu-manity 704

SECTION C. Universal Jurisdiction and the Nuremberg Principles 724

SECTION D. Defensive Use of Nuremberg Principles Un-der United States Law 728

PART Ⅳ. THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 736

CHAPTER 11. THE CONCEPT OF STATEHOOD 736

1. The Question of Minimum Facts 737

2. The Question of the Normal Legal Consequences of Statehood 737

The Territorial Element in Statehood 771

CHAPTER 12. RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERN-MENTS 777

SECTION A. The Effect of Nonrecognition in Judicial Pro-ceedings 779

1. On Actions in Domestic Courts: Standing to Sue and Right to Control State Assets 779

2. On the Authority of Unrecognized Governments to Make Law 803

3. Nonrecognition Distinguished from Breaking Diplo-matic Relations 812

4. In International Tribunals 814

SECTION B. International Legal Effects of National Rec-ognition Policies 818

1. Sketches of National Policies 818

2. Emerging International Law Issues Related to Rec-ognition 834

3. Recognition of Belligerency and of Insurgency 836

CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY 841

SECTION A. Protection of Foreign Representatives 841

SECTION B. Diplomatic Immunity 844

1. Inviolability of Diplomatic Premises 844

2. Immunity of Diplomatic Agents 850

3. When Domestic Law Does Apply 850

CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY—Continued 868

4. Other Persons Entitled to Diplomatic Immunity 868

Personal Family 870

Official Family 874

5. Special Missions and Heads of State or Persons of High Rank 877

SECTION C. Consular Immunity 878

CHAPTER 14. SOME STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF INTER-NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 886

SECTION A. Profile of Some International Organizations 887

SECTION B. The International Civil Servant 895

SECTION C. Capacities and Immunities 922

PART Ⅴ. METHODS OF OPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 951

CHAPTER 15. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE IN-TERNATIONAL LAW 951

SECTION A. International Agreements as Bases of Legal Rights and Duties 953

Jus Cogens 960

SECTION B. Reservations to International Agreements 967

SECTION C. Interpretation of International Agreements 979

SECTION D. Problems of Performance， Succession， Breach，Suspension and Termination 1004

CHAPTER 16. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 1022

SECTION A. The Treaty Power， the Federal Legislative Power， and the Bill of Rights 1022

SECTION B. Executive Agreements and the Constitution 1039

1. Presidential Power 1039

The President， the Senate and the House of Repre-sentatives 1039

2. Agreements Under Presidential Power: Internal Law ? 1048

3. Separation of Powers and the Termination of Trea-ties by the President 1056

SECTION C. Problems of the Self-Executing Treaty， an American Phenomenon 1068

CHAPTER 17. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT 1078

SECTION A. Trade Law 1079

1. Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment of Trade 1079

2. Departures from Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment 1085

SECTION B. The Law of Foreign Investment 1103

1. State Responsibility for Takings 1104

2. Types of Economic Interests Treated as Entitled to Diplomatic Protection 1131

The Requirement of Public Purpose 1143

Claims for Taking of Corporate Assets 1145

3. The Fundamentals of International Claims 1149

Exhaustion of Remedies and Other Preconditions 1152

Waiver by Private Party 1160

Espousal of Claims 1163

Remedies for Nationalization 1174

4. Reduction of Transnational Investment Conflict 1182

PART Ⅵ. THEORIES ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM 1197

CHAPTER 18. PERSPECTIVES ON THE JURISPRUDEN-TIAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1197

PART Ⅶ. THE USE OF FORCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1230

CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES 1230

SECTION A. Evolution of Law Against Use of Force by States 1230

SECTION B. The Problem of Self Defense 1240

1. Missiles in Cuba 1240

United States Proclamation: Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba 1244

2. Preservation of Socialism in Czechoslovakia 1247

3. The Claim of Collective Self-Defense in South Vietnam 1253

4. Soviet Troops in Afghanistan 1257

CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES—Continued 1264

SECTION C. Challenges to the Prohibition of the Use of Force 1264

1. Vital National Interests 1264

2. Anticipatory Self-Defense 1267

3. National Liberation Movements 1274

4. Rescue of Hostages 1285

SECTION D. Use of State Coercion Short of Military Force 1289

CHAPTER 20. THE USE OF FORCE BY THE UNITED NA-TIONS 1299

SECTION A. Uniting for Peace 1300

SECTION B. The United Nations Emergency Force in Egypt 1303

SECTION C. The United Nations in the Congo 1308

SECTION D. Use of United Nations Authority not Involv-ing Military Force 1321

1. South Africa: Apartheid 1321

2. Namibia (South West Africa) 1330

3. Southern Rhodesia 1344

Index 1363