PART 1 1
CHAPTER 1 Measurement 1
How can sunsets be used to measure Earth？ 2
1-1 Measuring Things 2
1-2 The International System of Units 2
1-3 Changing Units 3
1-4 Length 4
1-5 Time 6
1-6 Mass 7
Review ε Summary 8
Exercises ε Problems 8
CHAPTER 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 11
How long does a barrel fall from Niagara Falls？ 12
2-1 Motion 12
2-2 Position and Displacement 12
2-3 Average Velocity and Average Speed 13
2-4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 15
2-5 Acceleration 17
2-6 Constant Acceleration： A Special Case 19
2-7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration 22
2-8 Free-Fall Acceleration 23
Review ε Summary 25
Questions 26
Exercises ε Problems 27
CHAPTER 3 Vectors 31
How can vectors be used in cave exploring？ 32
3-1 Vectors and Scalars 32
3-2 Adding Vectors Geometrically 32
3-3 Components of Vectors 34
3-4 Unit Vectors 37
3-5 Adding Vectors by Components 38
3-6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics 40
3-7 Multiplying Vectors 40
Review ε Summary 44
Questions 45
Exercises ε Problems 45
CHAPTER 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 48
How can the placement of the net be determined for a human cannonball？ 49
4-1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions 49
4-2 Position and Displacement 49
4-3 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 51
4-4 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 53
4-5 Projectile Motion 54
4-6 Projectile Motion Analyzed 56
4-7 Uniform Circular Motion 60
4-8 Relative Motion in One Dimension 62
4-9 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 63
Review ε Summary 65
Questions 66
Exercises ε Problems 67
CHAPTER 5 Force and Motion—Ⅰ 72
Can a man pull two railroad passenger cars with his teeth？ 73
5-1 What Causes an Acceleration？ 73
5-2 Newton’s First Law 73
5-3 Force 74
5-4 Mass 75
5-5 Newton’s Second Law 76
5-6 Some Particular Forces 80
5-7 Newton’s Third Law 84
5-8 Applying Newton’s Laws 85
Review ε Summary 90
Questions 91
Exercises ε Problems 93
CHAPTER 6 Force and Motion—Ⅱ 98
Why do cats sometimes survive long falls better than shorter ones？ 99
6-1 Friction 99
6-2 Properties of Friction 100
6-3 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 104
6-4 Uniform Circular Motion 106
Review ε Summary 110
Questions 111
Exercises ε Problems 112
CHAPTER 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 116
How much work is required in lifting great weights？ 117
7-1 Energy 117
7-2 Work 118
7-3 Work and Kinetic Energy 119
7-4 Work Done by a Gravitational Force 122
7-5 Work Done by a Spring Force 126
7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force 129
7-7 Power 131
Review ε Summary 133
Questions 134
Exercises ε Problems 136
CHAPTER 8 Potential Energy and Conservationof Energy 139
Did the placement of the giant statues on Easter Island require a mysterious energy source？ 139
8-1 Potential Energy 140
8-2 Path Independence of Conservative Forces 141
8-3 Determining Potential Energy Values 143
8-4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 146
8-5 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 149
8-6 Work Done on a System by an External Force 152
8-7 Conservation of Energy 155
Review ε Summary 158
Questions 159
Exercises ε Problems 160
CHAPTER 9 Systems of Particles 168
How does a ballerina seemingly “turn off” the gravitational force？ 169
9-1 A Special Point 169
9-2 The Center of Mass 169
9-3 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 173
9-4 Linear Momentum 176
9-5 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 177
9-6 Conservation of Linear Momentum 178
9-7 Systems with Varying Mass： A Rocket 181
9-8 External Forces and Internal Energy Changes 184
Review ε Summary 186
Questions 187
Exercises ε Problems 188
CHAPTER 10 Collisions 193
Is a board or a concrete block easier to break in karate？ 194
10-1 What Is a Collision？ 194
10-2 Impulse and Linear Momentum 195
10-3 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 198
10-4 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 199
10-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 202
10-6 Collisions in Two Dimensions 205
Review ε Summary 207
Questions 208
Exercises ε Problems 209
CHAPTER 11 Rotation 215
What advantages does physics offer in judo throws？ 216
11-1 Translation and Rotation 216
11-2 The Rotational Variables 216
11-3 Are Angular Quantities Vectors？ 220
11-4 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 221
11-5 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 223
11-6 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 225
11-7 Calculating the Rotational Inertia 226
11-8 Torque 229
11-9 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 230
11-10 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 233
Review ε Summary 236
Questions 238
Exercises ε Problems 239
CHAPTER 12 Rolling， Torque， and Angular Momentum 245
Why is a quadruple somersault so difficult in trapeze acts？ 246
12-1 Rolling 246
12-2 The Kinetic Energy of Rolling 247
12-3 The Forces of Rolling 248
12-4 The Yo-Yo 250
12-5 Torque Revisited 251
12-6 Angular Momentum 253
12-7 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 255
12-8 The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 257
12-9 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 258
12-10 Conservation of Angular Momentum 260
Review ε Summary 265
Questions 266
Exercises ε Problems 268
PART 2 273
CHAPTER 13 Equilibrium and Elasticity 273
Can you safely rest in a fissure during a chimney climb？ 274
13-1 Equilibrium 274
13-2 The Requirements of Equilibrium 275
13-3 The Center of Gravity 276
13-4 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 278
13-5 Indeterminate Structures 282
13-6 Elasticity 283
Review ε Summary 287
Questions 288
Exercises ε Problems 289
CHAPTER 14 Gravitation 294
How can a black hole be detected？ 295
14-1 The World and the Gravitational Force 295
14-2 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 295
14-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 296
14-4 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 299
14-5 Gravitation Inside Earth 301
14-6 Gravitational Potential Energy 302
14-7 Planets and Satellites： Kepler’s Laws 306
14-8 Satellites： Orbits and Energy 310
14-9 Einstein and Gravitation 312
Review ε Summary 314
Questions 315
Exercises ε Problems 316
CHAPTER 15 Fluids 321
What factor occasionally kills novice scuba divers？ 322
15-1 Fluids and the World Around Us 322
15-2 What Is a Fluid？ 322
15-3 Density and Pressure 322
15-4 Fluids at Rest 324
15-5 Measuring Pressure 327
15-6 Pascal’s Principle 328
15-7 Archimedes’ Principle 329
15-8 Ideal Fluids in Motion 332
15-9 The Equation of Continuity 333
15-10 Bernoulli’s Equation 336
Review ε Summary 339
Questions 339
Exercises ε Problems 340
CHAPTER 16 Oscillations 346
Why did a distant earthquake collapse buildings in Mexico City？ 347
16-1 Oscillations 347
16-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 347
16-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 350
16-4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 352
16-5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 354
16-6 Pendulums 355
16-7 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 358
16-8 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 360
16-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 362
Review ε Summary 363
Questions 364
Exercises ε Problems 365
CHAPTER 17 Waves— Ⅰ 370
How does a scorpion detect a beetle without using sight or sound？ 371
17-1 Waves and Particles 371
17-2 Types of Waves 371
17-3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 372
17-4 Wavelength and Frequency 373
17-5 The Speed of a Traveling Wave 375
17-6 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 378
17-7 Energy and Power of a Traveling String Wave 380
17-8 The Principle of Superposition for Waves 382
17-9 interference of waves 383
17-10 Phasors 386
17-11 Standing Waves 387
17-12 Standing Waves and Resonance 389
Review ε Summary 392
Questions 392
Exercises ε Problems 394
CHAPTER 18 Waves— Ⅱ 398
How does a bat detect a moth in total darkness？ 399
18-1 Sound Waves 399
18-2 The Speed of Sound 399
18-3 Traveling Sound Waves 402
18-4 Interference 404
18-5 Intensity and Sound Level 406
18-6 Sources of Musical Sound 410
18-7 Beats 412
18-8 The Doppler Effect 414
18-9 Supersonic Speeds： Shock Waves 418
Review ε Summary 419
Questions 420
Exercises ε Problems 421
CHAPTER 19 Temperature， Heat， and the First Law of Thermodynamics 425
What thermal protection do bees have against a hornet invasion？ 426
19-1 Thermodynamics 426
19-2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 426
19-3 Measuring Temperature 427
19-4 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 429
19-5 Thermal Expansion 431
19-6 Temperature and Heat 433
19-7 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 434
19-8 A Closer Look at Heat and Work 438
19-9 The First Law of Thermodynamics 440
19-10 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 441
19-11 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 443
Review ε Summary 447
Questions 448
Exercises ε Problems 449
CHAPTER 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 454
Why can a cold container of a carbonated drink form a fog when opened？ 455
20-1 A New Way to Look at Gases 455
20-2 Avogadro’s Number 455
20-3 Ideal Gases 456
20-4 Pressure，Temperature， and RMS Speed 459
20-5 Translational Kinetic Enerau46120-6 Mean Free Path 462
20-7 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 464
20-8 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 467
20-9 Degrees of Freedom and Molar SpecificHeats 471
20-10 A Hint of Quantum Theory 472
20-11 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 473
Review ε Summary 476
Questions 477
Exercises ε Problems 478
CHAPTER 21 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 482
What in the world gives direction to time？ 483
21-1 Some One-Way Processes 483
21-2 Change in Entropy 483
21-3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 488
21-4 Entropy in the Real World： Engines 489
21-5 Entropy in the Real World： Refrigerators 494
21-6 The Efficiencies of Real Engines 495
21-7 A Statistical View of Entropy 496
Review ε Summary 500
Questions 501
Exercises ε Problems 501