Introduction 1
1: THE BACK 5
SURFACE ANATOMY 5
SKELETON OF THE BACK 5
SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL FASCIA 8
Dissection Overview 8
Dissection Instructions 8
Skin Incisions 8
Superficial Fascia 9
Dissection Follow-up 9
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK 9
Dissection Overview 9
Dissection Instructions 9
Trapezius Muscle 9
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle 11
Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor Muscles 11
Levator Scapulae Muscle 11
Dissection Follow-up 12
INTERMEDIATE MUSCLES OF THE BACK 12
DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK 12
Dissection Overview 12
Dissection Instructions 12
Splenius Muscle 12
Erector Spinae Muscle 13
Transversospinal Group of Muscles 13
Semispinalis Capitis Muscle 14
Dissection Follow-up 14
SUBOCCIPITAL REGION 14
Dissection Overview 14
Dissection Instructions 14
Dissection Follow-up 15
VERTEBRAL CANAL, SPINAL CORD, AND MENINGES 15
Dissection Overview 15
Dissection Instructions 16
Spinal Meninges 17
Dissection Follow-up 19
2: THE UPPER LIMB 21
SURFACE ANATOMY 21
SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES 21
Dissection Overview 21
Dissection Instructions 22
Skin Incisions 22
Superficial Veins 22
Cutaneous Nerves 23
Dissection Follow-up 24
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK 24
SCAPULAR REGION 24
Dissection Overview 24
Skeleton of the Scapular Region 24
Dissection Instructions 24
Dissection Follow-up 26
PECTORAL REGION 26
Dissection Overview 26
Dissection Instructions 26
Breast 26
Superficial Fascia 27
Dissection Follow-up 28
MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION 28
Dissection Overview 28
Dissection Instructions 29
Dissection Follow-up 30
AXILLA 30
Dissection Overview 30
Dissection Instructions 31
Axillary Artery 31
Brachial Plexus 32
Dissection Follow-up 34
ARM AND CUBITAL FOSSA 34
Dissection Overview 34
Skeleton of the Arm and Cubital Region 35
Dissection Instructions 35
Anterior Compartment of the Arm 35
Cubital Fossa 37
Posterior Compament of the Arm 38
Dissection Follow-up 39
FLEXOR REGION OF THE FOREARM 40
Dissection Overview 40
Skeleton of the Forearm 40
Dissection Instructions 41
Superficial Layer of Flexor Muscles 41
Intermediate Layer of Flexor Muscles 42
Vessels and Nerves of the Anterior Forearm 44
Deep Layer of Flexor Muscles 46
Dissection Follow-up 47
PALM OF THE HAND 46
Dissection Overview 46
Skeleton of the Hand 47
Dissection Instructions 47
Skin Incisions 47
Superficial Palm 47
Carpal Tunnel 49
Thenar Muscles 50
Hypothenar Muscles 51
Deep Palm 51
Dissection Follow-up 52
EXTENSOR REGION OF THE FOREARM AND DORSUM OF THE HAND 53
Dissection Overview 53
Dissection Instructions 53
Superficial Layer of Extensor Muscles 53
Deep Layer of Extensor Muscles 55
Dissection Follow-up 55
JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB 57
Dissection Overview 57
Dissection Instructions 57
Sternoclavicular Joint 57
Acromioclavicular Joint 58
Glenohumeral Joint 58
Elbow Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint 60
Intermediate Radioulnar Joint 61
Distal Radioulnar Joint 61
Wrist Joint 61
Metacarpophalangeal Joints 61
Interphalangeal Joints 62
3: THE THORAX 63
SURFACE ANATOMY 63
SKELETON OF THE THORAX 63
PECTORAL REGION 64
INTERCOSTAL SPACE AND INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES 65
Dissection Overview 65
Dissection Instructions 65
Dissection Follow-up 66
REMOVAL OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL 66
Dissection Overview 66
Dissection Instructions 67
Dissection Follow-up 67
PLEURAL CAVITIES 68
Dissection Overview 68
Dissection Instructions 69
Dissection Follow-up 69
LUNGS 69
Dissection Overview 69
Dissection Instructions 69
Lungs in the Thorax 69
Removal of the Lungs 70
Dissection Follow-up 72
MEDIASTINUM 72
Dissection Overview 72
Dissection Instructions 73
Dissection Follow-up 73
MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM 73
Dissection Overview 73
Dissection Instructions 73
Heart in the Thorax 73
Removal of the Heart 75
Dissection Follow-up 76
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART 76
Dissection Overview 76
Dissection Instructions 76
Surface Features 76
Cardiac Veins 76
Coronary Arteries 77
Dissection Follow-up 78
INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART 78
Dissection Overview 78
Dissection Instructions 78
Right Atrium 78
Right Ventricle 79
Left Atrium 80
Left Ventricle 81
Dissection Follow-up 82
SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM 82
Dissection Overview 82
Dissection Instructions 82
Dissection Follow-up 84
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM 85
Dissection Overview 85
Dissection Instructions 85
Dissection Follow-up 87
4: THE ABDOMEN 89
SURFACE ANATOMY 89
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL 90
Dissection Overview 90
Dissection Instructions 90
Skin Incisions 90
Superficial Fascia 90
Dissection Follow-up 91
MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL 91
Dissection Overview 91
Skeleton of the Abdominal Wall 92
Dissection Instructions 92
External Oblique Muscle 92
Internal Oblique Muscle 93
Transversus Abdominis Muscle 94
Deep Inguinal Ring 95
Rectus Abdominis Muscle 95
Dissection Follow-up 98
REFLECTION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL 98
Dissection Overview 98
Dissection Instructions 98
PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY 99
Dissection Overview 99
Dissection Instructions 99
Abdominal Viscera 99
Peritoneum 101
Dissection Follow-up 102
CELIAC TRUNK, STOMACH, SPLEEN, LIVER, AND GALLBLADDER 102
Dissection Overview 102
Dissection Instructions 102
Celiac Trunk 103
Spleen 105
Liver 106
Gallbladder 107
Dissection Follow-up 107
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND SMALL INTESTINE 107
Dissection Overview 107
Dissection Instructions 108
Superior Mesenteric Artery 108
Small Intestine 110
Dissection Follow-up 110
INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND LARGE INTESTINE 110
Dissection Overview 110
Dissection Instructions 111
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 111
Large Intestine 111
Dissection Follow-up 112
DUODENUM, PANCREAS, AND HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN 112
Dissection Overview 112
Dissection Instructions 112
Duodenum 112
Pancreas 113
Hepatic Portal Vein 114
Dissection Follow-up 114
REMOVAL OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 114
Dissection Overview 114
Dissection Instructions 114
Dissection Follow-up 116
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL VISCERA 116
Dissection Overview 116
Dissection Instructions 117
Kidneys 117
Suprarenal Glands 119
Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava 120
Dissection Follow-up 120
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL 121
Dissection Overview 121
Dissection Instructions 121
Lumbar Plexus 122
Abdominal Part of the Sympathetic Trunk 122
Dissection Follow-up 123
DIAPHRAGM 123
Dissection Overview 123
Dissection Instructions 123
Dissection Follow-up 124
5: THE PELVIS AND PERINEUM 125
SKELETON OF THE PELVIS 125
ANAL TRIANGLE 127
Dissection Overview 127
Dissection Instructions 127
Skin and Superficial Fascia Removal 127
Ischioanal Fossa 128
Dissection Follow-up 129
MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND PERINEUM 129
Dissection Overview 129
Dissection Instructions 129
Scrotum 129
Spermatic Cord 130
Testis 131
Dissection Follow-up 131
MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE 132
Dissection Overview 132
Dissection Instructions 132
Skin Removal 132
Superficial Perineal Pouch 132
Penis 134
Spongy Urethra 135
Deep Perineal Pouch 136
Dissection Follow-up 137
MALE PELVIC CAVITY 137
Dissection Overview 137
Dissection Instructions 137
Peritoneum 137
Section of the Pelvis 138
Male Internal Genitalia 138
Dissection Follow-up 140
URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL 140
Dissection Overview 140
Dissection Instructions 141
Urinary Bladder 141
Rectum and Anal Canal 141
Dissection Follow-up 142
INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS 143
Dissection Overview 143
Dissection Instructions 143
Blood Vessels 143
Nerves 144
Dissection Follow-up 145
PELVIC DIAPHRAGM 145
Dissection Overview 145
Dissection Instructions 145
Dissection Follow-up 147
FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND PERINEUM 147
Labium Majus 147
Dissection Overview 147
Dissection Instructions 148
Dissection Follow-up 148
FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE 148
Dissection Overview 148
Dissection Instructions 148
External Genitalia 148
Skin Removal 149
Superficial Perineal Pouch and Clitoris 149
Deep Perineal Pouch 151
Dissection Follow-up 152
FEMALE PELVIC CAVITY 152
Dissection Overview 152
Dissection Instructions 153
Peritoneum 153
Section of the Pelvis 154
Female Internal Genitalia 154
Dissection Follow-up 156
URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL 156
Dissection Overview 156
Dissection Instructions 156
Urinary Bladder 156
Rectum and Anal Canal 158
Dissection Follow-up 159
INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS 159
Dissection Overview 159
Dissection Instructions 159
Blood Vessels 159
Nerves 160
Dissection Follow-up 161
PELVIC DIAPHRAGM 161
Dissection Overview 161
Dissection Instructions 163
Dissection Follow-up 163
6: THE LOWER LIMB 165
SURFACE ANATOMY 165
SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES 165
Dissection Overview 165
Dissection Instructions 165
Skin Incisions 165
Superficial Fascia of the Posterior Lower Limb 166
Superficial Fascia of the Anterior Lower Limb 168
Dissection Follow-up 169
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH 169
Dissection Overview 169
Skeleton of the Thigh 169
Dissection Instructions 170
Saphenous Opening 170
Femoral Triangle 171
Adductor Canal and Sartorius Muscle 173
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle 173
Dissection Follow-up 175
MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH 175
Dissection Overview 175
Dissection Instructions 175
Dissection Follow-up 176
GLUTEAL REGION 176
Dissection Overview 176
Skeleton of the Gluteal Region 177
Dissection Instructions 177
Dissection Follow-up 180
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH AND POPLITEAL FOSSA 181
Dissection Overview 181
Skeleton of the PosteriorThigh 181
Dissection Instructions 181
Posterior Thigh 181
Popliteal Fossa 183
Dissection Follow-up 184
LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT 184
Skeleton of the Leg 185
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG 185
Dissection Overview 185
Dissection Instructions 186
Dissection Follow-up 189
LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG 190
Dissection Overview 190
Dissection Instructions 190
Dissection Follow-up 190
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT 190
Dissection Overview 190
Dissection Instructions 191
Dissection Follow-up 193
SOLE OF THE FOOT 193
Dissection Overview 193
Dissection Instructions 194
Plantar Aponeurosis and Cutaneous Nerves 194
First Layer of the Sole 195
Second Layer of the Sole 195
Third Layer of the Sole 196
Fourth Layer of the Sole 197
Dissection Follow-up 198
JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB 198
Dissection Overview 198
Dissection Instructions 198
Hip Joint 198
Knee Joint 200
Ankle Joint 202
Joints of Inversion and Eversion 203
7: THE HEAD AND NECK 205
NECK 205
Skeleton of the Neck 205
ORGANIZATION OF THE NECK 206
Dissection Overview 206
Dissection Instructions 206
Skin Removal 206
Posterior Triangle of the Neck 207
Dissection Follow-up 209
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK 209
Dissection Overview 209
Bones and Cartilages 209
Dissection Instructions 210
Superficial Fascia 210
Muscular Triangle 210
Submandibular Triangle 211
Submental Triangle 212
Carotid Triangle 212
Dissection Follow-up 214
THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS 215
Dissection Overview 215
Dissection Instructions 215
Dissection Follow-up 216
ROOT OF THE NECK 216
Dissection Overview 216
Dissection Instructions 216
Dissection Follow-up 218
HEAD 218
Skull 219
Anterior View of the Skull 219
Lateral View of the Skull 219
Superior View of the Skull 220
FACE 221
Surface Anatomy 221
Dissection Overview 221
Dissection Instructions 222
Skin Incisions 222
Superficial Fascia and Facial Nerve 222
Facial Artery and Vein 224
Muscles Around the Orbital Opening 224
Muscles Around the Oral Opening 224
Sensory Nerves of the Face 225
Dissection Follow-up 226
PAROTID REGION 226
Dissection Overview 226
Skeleton of the Parotid Region 226
Dissection Instructions 226
Dissection Follow-up 228
SCALP 228
Dissection Overview 228
Dissection Instructions 228
Dissection Follow-up 229
TEMPORAL REGION 230
Dissection Overview 230
Skeleton of the Temporal Region 230
Dissection Instructions 231
Masseter Muscle and Removal of the Zygomatic Arch 231
Temporal Region 232
Infratemporal Fossa 232
Temporomandibular Joint 234
Dissection Follow-up 235
INTERIOR OF THE SKULL 235
Dissection Overview 235
Dissection Instructions 235
Removal of the Calvaria 235
Cranial Meninges 236
Dissection Follow-up 238
REMOVAL OF THE BRAIN 238
Dissection Overview 238
Dissection Instructions 238
DURAL INFOLDINGS AND DURAL VENOUS SINUSES 239
Dissection Overview 239
Dissection Instructions 239
Durallnfoldings 239
Dural Venous Sinuses 239
Dissection Follow-up 240
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 240
Dissection Overview 240
Dissection Instructions 240
Dissection Follow-up 242
CRANIAL FOSSAE 242
Dissection Overview 242
Skeleton of the Cranial Base 242
Dissection Instructions 243
Anterior Cranial Fossa 243
Middle Cranial Fossa 243
Posterior Cranial Fossa 245
Dissection Follow-up 245
ORBIT 245
Dissection Overview 245
Skeleton of the Orbit 246
Surface Anatomy of the Eyeball, Eyelids, and Lacrimal Apparatus 246
Dissection Instructions 247
Eyelid and Lacrimal Apparatus 247
Right Orbit from the Superior Approach 248
Left Orbit from the Anterior Approach 251
Dissection Follow-up 252
DISARTICULATION OF THE HEAD 252
Dissection Overview 252
Skeleton of the Suboccipital Region 252
Dissection Instructions 253
Retropharyngeal Space 253
Disarticulation of the Head 253
Prevertebral and Lateral Vertebral Regions 254
Dissection Follow-up 254
PHARYNX 255
Dissection Overview 255
Dissection Instructions 255
Muscles of the Pharyngeal Wall 255
Bisection of the Head 257
Internal Aspect of the Pharynx 258
Dissection Follow-up 259
NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY 259
Dissection Overview 259
Skeleton of the Nasal Cavity 259
Dissection Instructions 260
External Nose 260
Nasal Cavity 260
Nasal Septum 260
Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity 261
Dissection Follow-up 263
HARD PALATE AND SOFT PALATE 263
Dissection Overview 263
Skeleton of the Palate 263
Dissection Instructions 264
Soft Palate 264
Tonsillar Bed 266
Sphenopalatine Foramen and Pterygopalatine Fossa 266
Dissection Follow-up 267
ORAL REGION 268
Dissection Overview 268
Surface Anatomy of the Oral Vestibule 268
Surface Anatomy of the Oral Cavity Proper 268
Dissection Instructions 268
Tongue 268
Bisection of the Tongue and Mandible 269
Sublingual Region 270
Dissection Follow-up 271
LARYNX 271
Dissection Overview 271
Skeleton of the Larynx 271
Dissection Instructions 272
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx 272
Interior of the Larynx 274
Dissection Follow-up 274
EAR 274
Dissection Overview 274
Temporal Bone 275
Dissection Instructions 275
External Ear 275
Middle Ear （Tympanic Cavity） 275
Internal Ear 278
Dissection Follow-up 278
INDEX 279