CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
A Biological Materials and Scientific Research 3
1 Human Tissue Collections and Genetic Databases 3
（a） Tissue Collections 4
（b） Genetic Databases 5
2 Biological Materials 8
（a） Physical Manifestations 8
（b） Genetic Information 11
B Legal Framework 12
1 Legal Status of Biological Materials 12
2 Proprietary Protection 13
3 Non-proprietary Protection 15
C Structure 20
PART Ⅰ 25
CHAPTER 2 DEAD BODY 25
A No Property Principle 25
B Property Rights 28
1 Work or Skill Exception 28
2 Constitutional Protection 40
3 Tort of Wrongful Interference 42
4 Summary 46
C Non-proprietary Interests 46
1 Right to Possession for Burial 47
2 Quasi-property Rights 51
3 Statutory Rights to Possession 53
4 Protection under Tort Law 55
5 Solatium for Affront 56
6 Respect for Private and Family Life 59
7 Summary 60
D Conclusion 60
CHAPTER 3 LIVING BODY 63
A Slavery 64
B Rejection of Individual Property Rights 64
1 Moore v Regents of the University of California 65
2 Greenberg v Miami Children’s Hospital 71
3 Washington University v Catalona 73
4 Summary 78
C Property Rights 78
1 Biological Materials 79
（a） Statute 79
（b） Common Law 82
（c） Summary 87
2 Cell-lines 87
3 Gametes 88
（a） Statute 88
（b） Common Law 91
4 Hair Clippings 92
5 Waste Products 94
6 Summary 95
D Non-proprietary Interests 96
1 Statute 96
2 Common Law 98
3 Summary 100
E Conclusion 100
CHAPTER 4 HUMAN TISSUE ACT 2004 103
A Human Tissue Act 2004 103
1 Consent Requirements 105
2 Exceptions to Consent Requirements 108
3 Prohibition on Commercial Dealing 113
（a） Original Clause 29 113
（b） Section 32 116
4 Non-consensual DNA Analysis Offence 119
5 Summary 120
B Conclusion 121
PART Ⅱ 125
CHAPTER 5 PROPERTY RIGHTS 125
A Question 125
B Transformation of Biological Materials 127
C Creation of Property Rights 128
1 Work or Skill Exception 129
2 First Possession 130
3 Specification Doctrine 131
（a） Background 131
（b） Elements 133
（c） Application to Work or Skill Exception 141
（d） General Principle 143
D Conclusion 143
CHAPTER 6 CREATION AND ALLOCATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 145
A Property Principles 145
1 Detachment 145
2 Detachment plus Intention 150
（a） Judicial Support 151
（b） Intention 151
（c） Diffculties 152
3 Summary 155
B Application 155
1 Original Biological Materials 156
（a） Transfer 156
（b） Abandonment 158
（c） Remedies 160
（d） Summary 163
2 Additional Biological Materials 163
（a） Medical and Scientific Research 163
（b） Intellectual Property 164
（c） Specification and Accession 165
（d） Application 169
（e） Summary 171
C Conclusion 171
CHAPTER 7 NON-PROPRIETARY INTERESTS 173
A Protected Interests 173
B English Law 175
1 Autonomy 175
（a） Underlying Value 176
（b） Wrongs 179
2 Emotional Distress 189
（a） Definition 190
（b） Wrongs 190
3 Summary 197
C Developing Liability 197
1 Protected Interests 198
2 Conduct 198
3 Elements 199
D Conclusion 201
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 203
Index 205