Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1
Key Words 1
Introduction 1
Types, Value, and Advantages of Physical Evidence 3
Categories of Physical Evidence 3
Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence 3
Types of Evidence 4
Value of Physical Evidence 4
Some Advantages of Physical Evidence 7
Major Categories of Physical Evidence 8
Class and Individual Characteristics of Physical Evidence 9
Laboratory Analysis of Physical Evidence 11
Comparison Standards and Controls 14
Ethical, Legal, and Scientific Requirements for Evidence Collection 16
Summary 26 Review Questions 27
Further References 27
Appendix 1-A Crime Scene Search and Seizure Law 28
Appendix 1-B Consent to Search and Completed Search Forms 45
Chapter 2 CRIME SCENE SEARCH PRINCIPLES 47
Key Words 47
Introduction 47
Department Orders Regarding Crime Scenes 48
First Responders at the Scene 48
Crime Scene Investigator 52
Contact the First Responder at the Scene 54
Establish a Command Center for the Operation 54
Establish a Plan for Processing the Scene 55
Data To Be Compiled Before Collection Process 56
Crime Scene Search: Be Systematic! 57
Separate Areas/Collectors 60
Systematic Search Methods 61
Finishing the Crime Scene Search: Debriefing 62
Final Survey of the Crime Scene 63
Summary 63
Review Questions 65
Further References 65
Appendix 2-A Sample Crime Scene Entry Log 66
Appendix 2-B Customized Crime Scene Search Kits 67
Level of Crime Scene Search Kit Needed 67
Chapter 3 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY 74
Key Words 74
Introduction 74
Objectives of Crime Scene Photography 75
Number of Photographs at the Scene 75
Conditions at the Scene 76
Choice of Camera Type for Crime Scene Photography 76
Type of Film for Crime Scene Photography 78
Videotaping of Crime Scenes 78
Suggested Systematic Approach 79
Log of All Photographs Taken 79
Types of Photographs of a Crime Scene 79
Basic Camera and Photography Information 86
Summary 91
Review Questions 92
Further References 93
Appendix 3-A Basic Equipment List For Crime Scene Photography 94
Appendix 3-B Common Photography Terminology 96
Chapter 4 CRIME SCENE SKETCHES 102
Key Words 102
Introduction 102
Value of Sketches 102
Objectives of Crime Scene Sketches 103
Rules of Thumb for Sketches 103
Additional Points to Keep in Mind 104
Types of Sketches 106
Preparation of Sketches: Suggested Systematic Procedure 115
Measurement Techniques 117
Summary 122
Review Questions 122
Chapter 5 LATENT FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE 124
Key Words 124
Introduction 124
Types of Fingerprints and Impressions 126
Age of the Latent Fingerprint 130
Nature of the Latent Print Deposit 130
Development of Latents 131
General Considerations for Latent Prints 131
Techniques Suitable for the Crime Scene 133
Sequential Approaches to Latent Impression Detection and Collection 139
Wet Surfaces: Dry at Room Temp; Treat as for Dry Surfaces 141
Sequencing of Methods for Latent Development 141
Submission of Latent Print Evidence To The Laboratory 148
Summary 151
Review Questions 154
Further References 154
Glossary of Acronyms for Table 5-1 154
Appendix 5-A Safety Precautions for Latent Print Development 157
General Guidelines for Safety 157
Guidelines for Safety at the Crime Scene 158
Safety Guidelines in the Laboratory 158
Guidelines for Biological Hazards 159
Guidelines for Safety at Autopsies 159
Chapter 6 TRACE EVIDENCE 160
Key Words 160
Introduction 160
Hair Evidence 161
Fiber Evidence 174
Glass Evidence 178
Paint Evidence 181
Soil Evidence 186
Arson Accelerant Evidence 190
Summary 195
Review Questions 197
Further References 198
Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL FLUID STAIN EVIDENCE: BLOOD, SEMEN,AND SALIVA 199
Key Words 199
Introduction 199
Bloodstain Evidence 200
DNA Analysis of Biological Stains 210
Semen Evidence 212
Saliva Evidence 215
Summary 216
Review Questions 217
Further References 218
Appendix 7-A Safety Precautions For Blood And Biological Fluids 219
Chapter 8 FIREARMS EVIDENCE 220
Key Words 220
Introduction 220
Firearm Cartridges 220
Laboratory Examinations of Firearms Evidence 230
Collection of Firearms Evidence 231
Recovery of Fired Ammunition Components 233
Gunshot Residues (GSR) 235
Summary 241
Review Questions 243
Further References 243
Appendix 8-A Class Characteristics For Some Handguns And Other Firearms 244
Chapter 9 IMPRESSION EVIDENCE 260
Key Words 260
Introduction 260
Laboratory Examinations of Impression Evidence 261
Collection of Impression Evidence 265
Toolmark Evidence Collection 275
Fracture Evidence 278
Summary 281
Review Questions 282
Further References 283
Chapter 10 DRUG AND ALCOHOL EVIDENCE 284
Key Words 284
Drug Evidence 284
Alcohol Evidence 289
Summary 291
Review Questions 292
Further References 293
Chapter 11 DOCUMENT EVIDENCE 294
Introduction 294
Functions of the Document Examiner 294
Collection of Document Evidence 296
Summary 299
Review Questions 299
Further References 300
Chapter 12 VEHICLE SCENE INVESTIGATIONS 301
Key Words 301
Introduction 301
General Automobile Search 302
Traffic Accident Investigations 302
Photographs at the Accident Scene 303
Accident Scene Sketches 304
Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Pedestrian 306
Hit-and-Run Investigations: Vehicle Versus Vehicle 308
Vehicle Lights 309
Summary 311 Review Questions 312
Further References 312
Chapter 13 SEXUAL ASSAULT INVESTIGATIONS 313
Key Words 313
Introduction 313
Development of Modern Sexual Assault Investigation 314
Role of Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations 314
Evidence from the Crime Scene 315
Evidence from the Victim 317
Medical Examination of the Victim 321
Evidence from the Suspect 330
Examination of Adult Male Victim of Sexual Assault 335
Child Sexual Abuse Examination 338
Indications of Child Abuse 341
Summary 346
Review Questions 347
Further References 348
Appendix 13-A Swab Drying Box 348
Appendix 13-B Chain of Custody Form 349
Appendix 13-C Seal on Chain of Custody Envelopes 350
Chapter 14 HOMICIDE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS 351
Key Words 351
Introduction 351
Homicide Investigation Response Team (HIRT) 351
Additional Personnel Often Needed at Homicide Crime Scenes 352
At the Homicide Crime Scene 353
Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) Guide 356
Wrap-up Conference 364
Summary 364
Review Questions 367
Further References 368
Appendix 14-A Safety Precautions for Homicide Crime Scenes 369
Appendix 14-B Safety Precautions for Postmortem Examinations (Autopsies) 370
Chapter 15 CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION 371
Key Words 371
Introduction 371
Establishment of Expertise 372
Critical Thinking 375
Foundations for Crime Scene Reconstruction 376
Process of Crime Scene Reconstruction 377
Types of Reconstructions 381
Reconstructions Classified by Evidence Type Utilized 382
Reconstructions Based on Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 383
Reconstructions Based on Firearms Evidence 390
Summary 414
Review Questions 417
Further References 418
Appendix 15-A Crime Scene Reconstruction Checklist 419
Atthe Scene 419
Bloodstain Pattern Reconstructions 419
Firearms Shooting Incidents 419
Preparation for Reconstruction Effort 420
Appendix Ⅰ Crime Scene Report Writing 421
Introduction 421
Accuracy 421
Brevity 422
Clarity 422
Sketches/Photo Logs/Evidence Lists 423
Appendix Ⅱ Courtroom Testimony 425
Introduction 425
Courtroom Procedures 425
Helpful Hints for the Witness 426
Testimony Dos and Don'ts 428
Grand Juries 429
Appendix Ⅲ Forensic Science and Latent Fingerprint Texts 430
Appendix Ⅳ Physical Evidence Chart: Collection, Preservation, and Special Instructions for Physical Evidence 432
General Instructions 432
Appendix Ⅴ Computer Evidence 438
Conducting the Search and/or Seizure 438
Appendix Ⅵ Entomological Evidence 439
Introduction 439
At the Scene 439
Glossary 441
Endnotes 454
Index 458