Part Ⅰ.Delimitation of the Problem 1
1.Human Rights in Comprehensive Context 3
The Rising Common Demands 7
Demands Relating to Respect 7
Demands Relating to Power 8
Demands Relating to Enlightenment 9
Demands Relating to Well-Being 10
Demands Relating to Wealth 11
Demands Relating to Skill 12
Demands Relating to Affection 12
Demands Relating to Rectitude 13
Inadequate Responses-Deprivations and Nonfulfillment of Human Rights 13
Deprivations Relating to Respect 15
Deprivations Relating to Power 17
Deprivations Relating to Enlightenment 22
Deprivations Relating to Well-Being 26
Deprivations Relating to Wealth 31
Deprivations Relating to Skill 34
Deprivations Relating to Affection 34
Deprivations Relating to Rectitude 36
Conditions Affecting Deprivations and Nonfulfillment 37
Environmental Factors 38
Predispositional Factors 45
Interdependences 47
Inadequacies in Inquiry:The Intellectual Confusion about Human Rights 63
The Natural Law Approach 68
The Historical Approach 71
The Positivist Approach 73
The Marxist (Communist) Approach 76
The Social Science Approach 80
Human Rights in Policy-Oriented Perspective 82
The Establishment of the Observational Standpoint 83
The Delimitation of the Focus of Inquiry 83
The Relation of Human Rights to Social Process 84
The Conception of Authoritative Decision 86
Comprehensiveness in Conception of Processes of Authoritative Decision 86
The Relation to Community Processes 88
The Explicit Postulation of Basic Public Order Goals 90
The Performance of Intellectual Tasks 91
The Clarification of Community Policies 92
The Description of Past Trends in Decision 92
The Analysis of Factors Affecting Decision 92
The Projection of Future Trends 93
The Invention and Evaluation of Policy Alternatives 93
2.The Social Setting of Human Rights:The Process of Deprivation and Nonfulfillment of Values 94
Participants 96
Organized Groups 97
Nation-States 98
International Governmental Organizations 100
Political Parties 101
Pressure Groups 101
Private Associations 102
Terror Groups and Gangs 106
Unorganized Groups 107
Culture 107
Class 109
Interest 110
Personality 110
Crisis 113
Perspectives 113
Demands 114
Identifications 115
Expectations 117
Contending Systems of Public Order 119
Situations 119
Geographic Features 120
Temporal Features 121
Institutionalization 123
Crisis 126
Base Values 130
Strategies 135
Outcomes 138
3.Claims Made to Authority for the Protection of Human Rights 143
Claimants 145
Perspectives 145
Specific Types of Claim 146
Claims Relating to the Process of Deprivation and Nonfulfillment of Values 146
Claims Relating to Respect 146
Claims Relating to Power 149
Claims Relating to Enlightenment 151
Claims Relating to Well-Being 152
Claims Relating to Wealth 154
Claims Relating to Skill 155
Claims Relating to Affection 156
Claims Relating to Rectitude 157
Claims Relating to Permissible Derogation from Established Standards 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Security 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Power 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Respect 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Enlightenment 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Well-Being 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Wealth 158
Claims Relating to Crises in Skill 159
Claims Relating to Crises in Affection 159
Claims Relating to Crises in Rectitude 159
Claims Relating to the Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision 159
Claims Relating to Participation 159
Claims Relating to Perspectives 159
Claims Relating to Situations 159
Claims Relating to Base Values 159
Claims Relating to Strategies 159
Claims Relating to Outcomes 159
Intelligence 159
Promotion (Recommendation) 159
Prescription 159
Invocation 159
Application 159
Termination 159
Appraisal 159
Claims Relating to Effects 159
The Context of Conditions 159
4.The Global Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision 161
The Major Features of Contemporary Constitutive Process 167
Participation 167
Nation-States 168
International Governmental Organizations 170
Political Parties 173
Pressure Groups 174
Private Associations 175
The Individual 176
Perspectives 179
Arenas 185
Establishment 186
Diplomatic 186
Parliamentary-Diplomatic 187
Parliamentary 188
Adjudicative 189
Executive 190
Access 192
Compulsoriness 199
Base Values 207
Authority 207
Effective Control 217
Strategies 219
The Diplomatic Instrument 220
The Ideological Instrument 223
The Economic Instrument 227
The Military Instrument 236
Outcomes 248
The Intelligence Function 248
The Promoting Function 256
The Prescribing Function 261
The Invoking Function 278
The Applying Function 289
The Terminating Function 299
The Appraising Function 307
The Human Rights Prescriptions as an Emerging Global Bill of Rights 313
Prescription 320
Application 332
The United Nations and Its Organs 332
Nation-States and Their Officials 335
Unilateral Acts 335
Agreements 338
Non-Governmental Actors 350
Invocation 357
Termination 360
Part Ⅱ.The Clarification of General Community Policies 365
5.The Basic Policies of a Comprehensive Public Order of Human Dignity 367
The Observational Standpoint:Identification with the Whole of Humankind 368
The Perspectives of a Comprehensive World Public Order:Clarifying Policies 373
The Postulation of the Goal Values of Human Dignity 375
Postulated Goal Values in Social Process 378
Preferred Policies Relating to the World Process of Value Fulfillment and Deprivation 381
Preferences Relating to Respect 381
Preferences Relating to Power 383
Preferences Relating to Enlightenment 387
Preferences Relating to Weil-Being 389
Preferences Relating to Wealth 393
Preferences Relating to Skill 395
Preferences Relating to Affection 396
Preferences Relating to Rectitude 398
Postulated Goal Values in Constitutive Process 399
Preferred Policies Relating to World Constitutive Process 400
Participation in Decision-Making 400
Representativeness 400
Responsibility 401
Perspectives 401
Demands 401
Identifications 402
Expectations 402
Arenas 402
Establishment 402
Access 402
Open 402
Compulsory 402
Bases of Power 403
Authority 403
Control 403
Strategies 403
Outcomes 404
Aggregate Consequences 404
Rationality 404
Efficiency 404
Inclusivity 405
Comprehensiveness and Integration 405
Particular Functions (Types of Decisions) 405
The Intelligence Function 405
The Promotional Function 406
The Prescribing Function 406
The Invoking Function 406
The Applying Function 407
The Terminating Function 407
The Appraising Function 408
The Conception of Common Interest 408
The Accommodation of Interests in Particular Instances 415
Principles of Content 419
Principles Relating to the Prescribing Process 419
Principles Relating to the Process of Claim 420
Principles Relating to the Process of Decision 420
Principles of Procedure 420
The Contextual Principle 420
The Principle of Economy 420
The Principle of Manifest (Provisional) Focus 420
The Principle of Clarified Focus 421
The Principle of Observing Trends in Past Experience 421
The Principle of Realistic Orientation in Factors Affecting Decision 421
The Principle of Observing the Constraints of Future Probabilities 421
The Principle of Evaluating and Inventing Options in Decision 422
The Significance of Past Trends 423
The Analysis of Factors Conditioning Trends 428
The Projection of Probable Future Developments 436
The Invention and Evaluation of Alternatives:Looking Toward an Optimum Public Order of Human Dignity 440
Part Ⅲ.Trends in Decision and Conditioning Factors:Claims Relating to Respect 449
6.Respect as the Core Value of Human Rights 451
7.Claims Relating to Fundamental Freedom of Choice 468
The Eradication of Slavery 473
Factual Background 473
Basic Community Policies 481
Trends in Decision 482
Appraisal and Recommendations 505
The Elimination of Caste 508
The Elimination of Apartheid 521
Factual Background 521
Basic Community Policies 531
Trends in Decision 532
8.Claims Relating to a Basic Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Discrimination 561
9.Claims Relating to Racial Discrimination 569
Factual Background 569
Basic Community Policies 577
Trends in Decision 581
10.The Outlawing of Sex-Based Discrimination 612
Factual Background 612
Basic Community Policies 623
Trends in Decision 625
Proposals for Application 650
11.Claims Relating to Freedom from Religious Discrimination 653
Factual Background 653
Basic Community Policies 661
Trends in Decision 665
The Inclusive Context of Religious and Other Basic Freedoms of Belief 687
12.Claims for Freedom from Discrimination because of Non-Conforming Political Opinion 690
Factual Background 690
Basic Community Policies 697
Trends in Decision 702
Future Developments 710
13.Claims for Freedom from Discrimination in Choice of Language 713
Factual Background 713
Basic Community Policies 720
Trends in Decision 722
Pre-United Nations Protections 722
Protections under the United Nations 724
Regional Protections:The Belgian Linguistic Cases 729
National Protections 732
Future Developments 736
14.The Protection of Aliens from Discrimination:State Responsibility Conjoined with Human Rights 737
Factual Background 738
Basic Community Policies 742
Trends in Decision 745
The Future of Protection 776
15.The Protection of the Aged from Discrimination 779
Factual Background 779
Basic Community Policies 782
Trends in Decision 786
Future Developments 795
Part Ⅳ.Future Prospects 797
16.The Aggregate Interest in Shared Respect and Human Rights:The Harmonization of Public Order and Civic Order 799
Claims Relating to Comprehensive Public Order 802
Factual Background 802
Basic Community Policies 804
Trends in Decision 805
Claims Relating to Civic Order (Including Privacy) 815
Factual Background 815
Basic Community Policies 823
Trends in Decision 829
The Future of Human Rights in Public and Civic Order 857
Appendix Nationality and Human Rights:The Protection of the Individual in External Arenas 861
Delimitation of the Problem 861
The Clarification of General Community Policy 863
Trends in Decision and Conditioning Factors 866
Claims by the Individual to a Protecting State 866
Claims Relating to the Conferment of Nationality 878
Claims Relating to Withdrawal of Nationality 888
Voluntary Expatriation 889
Withdrawal with Consent (Genuine or Constructive) for Promoting Harmonious Relations between States 895
Withdrawal without Consent as Punishment 900
Claims Relating to Statelessness 920
Minimization of Statelessness 924
Statelessness at Birth 927
Statelessness Subsequent to Birth 929
Mitigations of Statelessness 935
Claims Relating to Multiple Nationality 941
Appraisal and Recommendations 953
Table of Cases 959
Name Index 962
Subject Index 995