Part Ⅰ:Introduction to Systems 1
1 SYSTEM DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS 1
1.1 System Definitions and Elements 1
1.2 Classification of Systems 4
1.3 Science and Systems Science 7
1.4 Transition to the Systems Age 10
1.5 Technology and Technical Systems 12
PREFACE 13
CONTENTS 13
1.6 Engineering in the Systems Age 14
Questions and Problems 16
2.1 Engineering for Product Competitiveness 17
2 BRINGING SYSTEMS INTO BEING 17
2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 19
2.3 Systems Engineering Definitions 23
2.4 The Systems Engineering Process 24
2.5 System Design Evaluation 29
2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 36
Questions and Problems 43
Part Ⅱ:The System Design Process 45
3 CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM DESIGN 45
3.1 Identification of Need 45
3.2 Accomplishment of Feasibility Analysis 46
3.3 Advance System Planning 47
3.4 System Requirements Analysis 48
3.5 Technical Performance Measures(TPMs) 57
3.6 Functional Analysis and Allocation 61
3.7 Synthesis,Analysis,and Evaluation 67
3.8 System Specification 69
3.9 Conceptual Design Review 71
Questions and Problems 72
4 PRELIMINARY SYSTEM DESIGN 74
4.1 Subsystem Functional Analysis 74
4.2 Requirements Allocation 80
4.3 Design Requirements(Parameters) 84
4.4 Engineering Design Technologies 86
4.5 Synthesis and Design Definition 93
4.6 System Design Reviews 94
Questions and Problems 96
5 DETAIL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 97
5.1 Detail Design Requirements 97
5.2 Integrating System Elements 99
5.3 Design Engineering Activities 104
5.4 Detail Design Aids 107
5.5 Detail Design Documentation 108
5.6 System Prototype Development 112
5.7 Detail Design Reviews 114
Questions and Problems 119
6 SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION 121
6.1 Requirements for Test and Evaluation 121
6.2 Categories of System/Component Testing 123
6.3 Planning for Test and Evaluation 128
6.4 Preparation for Test and Evaluation 130
6.5 Test Performance and Reporting 132
6.6 System Modification 140
Questions and Problems 140
Part Ⅲ: Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 143
7 ALTERNATIVES AND MODELS IN DECISION MAKING 143
7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 143
7.2 Models in Decision Making 145
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 149
7.4 The Decision Evaluation Matrix 153
7.5 Decisions Under Assumed Certainty 155
7.6 Decisions Under Risk 157
7.7 Decisions Under Uncertainty 160
7.8 The Decision Evaluation Display 164
Questions and Problems 166
8 MODELS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION 169
8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 169
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 175
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative Under Certainty 179
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives Under Certainty 186
8.5 Evaluations Involving Multiple Criteria 190
8.6 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Features 192
8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 195
8.8 Break-Even Analysis Under Risk 200
Questions and Problems 201
9 OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN AND OPERATIONS 206
9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 206
9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 213
9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 231
9.4 Evaluation Involving Optimization and Multiple Criteria 236
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 238
9.6 Constrained Optimization by Dynamic Programming 247
Questions and Problems 256
10 QUEUING THEORY AND ANALYSIS 261
10.1 The Queuing System 261
10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 265
10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 268
10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 278
10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 280
10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 283
10.7 Repairable Equipment Population Systems 291
Questions and Problems 303
11 CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES 306
11.1 Some Control Concepts 306
11.2 Statistical Process-Control 309
11.3 Optimum Policy Control 320
11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT 323
11.5 Total Quality Control 334
Questions and Problems 339
Part Ⅳ:Design for Operational Feasibility 345
12 DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY 345
12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 345
12.2 Measures of Reliability 347
12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 362
12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 375
12.5 Design Review and Evaluation 387
12.6 Reliability Test and Evaluation 389
Questions and Problems 396
13 DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY 401
13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 401
13.2 Measures of Maintainability 402
13.3 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 417
13.4 Maintainability Analysis Methods 424
13.5 Design Review and Evaluation 447
13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 448
Questions and Problems 454
14 DESIGN FOR USABILITY(HUMAN FACTORS) 459
14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 459
14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 474
14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 475
14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 478
14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 485
14.6 Design Review and Evaluation 487
14.7 Personnel Test and Evaluation 488
Questions and Problems 488
15 DESIGN FOR SUPPORTABILITY(SERVICEABILITY) 490
15.1 Definition and Explanation of Supportability 491
15.2 The Elements of Support 492
15.3 The Measures of Supportability 495
15.4 Logistic Support in the System Life Cycle 513
15.5 Supportability Analysis(SA) 521
15.6 Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support(CALS) 528
15.7 Total Productive Maintenance(TPM) 529
15.8 Supportability Test and Evaluation 531
Questions and Problems 532
16 DESIGN FOR PRODUCIBILITY AND DISPOSABILITY 535
16.1 Introduction to Producibility and Disposability 535
16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle 539
16.3 Design for Producibility 544
16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress 549
16.5 Design for Disposability 550
16.6 Integration of Producibility and Disposability 553
Questions and Problems 554
17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 557
17 DESIGN FOR AFFORDABILITY(LIFE-CYCLE COST) 557
17.2 Cost Emphasis in the System Life Cycle 561
17.3 The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process 565
17.4 A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process Example 567
17.5 Life-Cycle Cost Applications and Benefits 597
Questions and Problems 602
Part Ⅴ:Systems Engineering Management 609
18 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION 609
18.1 Systems Engineering Planning 610
18.2 System Engineering Management Plan(SEMP) 610
18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 626
Questions and Problems 638
18.4 Summary 638
19 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL 640
19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 640
19.2 Direction and Control of Program Activities 642
19.3 Program Evaluation Factors 653
19.4 Program Risk Management 657
Questions and Problems 661
Part Ⅵ: Appendices 663
APPENDIX A:ANALYSIS AND CHECKLIST METHODS 664
A.1 Functional Analysis 665
A.2 Design Review Checklists 674
B.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 678
APPENDIX B:PROBABILITY THEORY AND ANALYSIS 678
B.2 Probability Distribution Models 681
B.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 690
APPENDIX C:PROBABI LITY AND STATISTICAL TABLES 695
C.1 Random Rectangular Variates 696
C.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 698
C.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 702
APPENDIX D:INTEREST FACTORS TABLES 704
Tables D.1 to D.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 704
APPENDIX E:FINITE QUEUING TABLES 713
Table E.1 to E.3 Finite Queuing Factors 713
APPENDIX F:SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 721
F.1 Systems,Systems Theory,Systems Engineering,and Systems Analysis 722
F.2 Concurrent/Simultaneous Engineering 723
F.3 Software/Computer-Aided Systems 724
F.4 Reliability,Maintainability,and Maintenance Engineering 724
F.5 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 725
F.6 Logistics and Logistics Engineering 725
F.7 Quality,Quality Engineering,and Quality Assurance 726
F.8 Production,Producibility,and Environmental Engineering 726
F.9 Operations Research,and Operations Analysis 727
F.10 Engineering Economy,Economic Analysis,and Cost Estimating 727
F.11 Management and Supporting Areas 727
INDEX 729