On Crimes and Punishments 1
Frontispiece 2
To the Reader 3
Introduction 7
1 The origin of punishment 9
2 The right to punish 10
3 Consequences 12
4 The interpretation of the laws 14
5 The obscurity of the laws 17
6 The proportion between crimes and punishments 19
7 Errors in the measuring of punishments 22
8 The classification of crimes 24
9 Of honour 26
10 Of duels 28
11 Public peace 29
12 The purpose of punishment 31
13 Of witnesses 32
14 Evidence and forms of judgement 34
15 Secret denunciations 37
16 Of torture 39
17 Of the exchequer 45
18 Of oaths 47
19 Of prompt punishments 48
20 Violent crimes 50
21 The punishment of the nobility 51
22 Theft 53
23 Public disgrace 54
24 Parasites 56
25 Banishment and confiscations 58
26 Family feeling 60
27 Lenience in punishing 63
28 The death penalty 66
29 Of detention awaiting trial 73
30 Trials and prescriptions 76
31 Crimes difficult to prove 79
32 Suicide 83
33 Smuggling 87
34 Of debtors 89
35 Asylums 92
36 On setting a price on men's heads 93
37 Attempted crimes,accomplices and immunity 95
38 Leading interrogations,depositions 97
39 Of a particular kind of crime 99
40 False ideas of utility 101
41 How to prevent crimes 103
42 The sciences 105
43 Magistrates 108
44 Public awards 109
45 Education 110
46 Pardons 111
47 Conclusion 113
To Jean Baptiste d'Alembert 115
To André Morellet 119
Inaugural Lecture 129
Reflections on the Barbarousness and the Civilisation of Nations and on the Savage State of Man 141
Reflections on Manners and Customs 149
On Luxury 161
Index 170