CHAPTER 1 A Framework for Architecture 1
The Zachman Framework 1
The Rows 2
The Columns 4
The Architecture Framework 5
The Analysis Process 7
Implications 9
CHAPTER 2 Managing Projects 11
Introduction 11
Summary of Development Phases 14
About Strategy 17
Articulation 17
About Requirements Analysis 18
Definition 18
Process One:Define Scope 19
Process Two:Plan the Process 20
Process Three:Gather Information 21
Step 1:Conduct Briefing 22
Step 2A:Conduct Interviews 22
Step 2B:Joint Application Development(JAD)and Feedback Sessions 23
Step 3:Obtain Industry Information and Patterns 23
Step 4:Examine Current Systems 24
Step 5:The Deliverable 24
Process Four:Describe the Enterprise 25
Step 1:Define Data Models(See Chapter 3) 26
Step 2:Define Activity Models(See Chapter 4) 27
Step 3:Define Location Models(See Chapter 6) 30
Step 4:Define People and Organization Models(See Chapter 5) 30
Step 5:Define Event and Timing Models(See Chapter 7) 32
Step 6:Define Motivation Models(See Chapter 8) 33
Step 7:Present Models 37
Step 8:Deliverables:Model Descriptions 39
Process Five:Define What Is Required of a New System 40
Step 1:Restate Project Purpose 40
Step 2:Identify Key Players 40
Step 3:Identify Required Capabilities 41
Step 4:Identify Requirement Constraints 43
Step 5:Identify Non-functional Requirements 43
Step 6:Determine Level of Technology 46
Step 7:Identify Capacity Requirements 47
Step 8:Decide Whether to Make or Buy 47
Process Six:Determine the Existing Systems Environment 48
Step 9:Deliverable:Requirements Statement 48
Step 1:Define Operating Environment 49
Step 2:Identify Software Environment 49
Step 3:Define Technological Architecture 50
Step 4:Define Operational Procedures 50
Step 5:Identify Existing Capacity 50
Step 6:Deliverable:System Inventory 51
Process Seven:Plan for Transition 51
Step 1:Begin Reorganization 52
Step 2:Begin Education 52
Step 3:Prepare for Training 53
Step 4:Prepare for Data Conversion 53
Step 5:Prepare for Implementation of Hardware and Software 54
Step 6:Deliverable:Transition Plan 54
Summary 55
Views of Data 57
CHAPTER 3 Column One:Data 57
A Brief History of Data Architecture 60
The Application Approach to Systems... 61
What Went Wrong? 63
1.Input s Connections to Output 63
2.Overlapping Applications 64
3.Encoding Business in the Programs 65
The Solution—Version 1 65
Data Management 68
The Solution—Version 2 68
Advanced Data Management—Meta-data 72
Graphics—Data Modeling 72
A Short History 72
Entity/Relational Modeling 72
Object Modeling 73
Object-Role Modeling(ORM) 76
How to Draw a Data Model 79
Using Entity/Relationship and Object Models 86
Business Owners Views(Row Two) 87
Architect s View(Row Three) 87
Designer s View(Row Four) 88
Normalization 91
Before Normal Forms 92
First Normal Form 93
Second Normal Form 94
Third Normal Form 95
Boyce/Codd Normal Form 97
Fourth Normal Form 99
Fifth Normal Form 100
Data Modeling and Normalization 104
Object-Oriented Design 111
Referential Integrity 111
Data Modeling Conventions 112
Syntactic—Symbols 112
Positional—The Crow s Foot Rule 113
Semantic—Data Model Patterns 114
Entity/Relationship Model Validation 131
The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column One 136
Entity Types and Relationships,with Narrative 136
Attributes 136
Domains 137
Unique Identifiers 137
Data,People,and Organizations 138
Data and Locations 138
Data and Activities 138
Data and the Other Columns 138
Referential Integrity 138
Data and Timing 139
Data and Business Rules 139
Conclusion 139
CHAPTER 4 Column Two:Activities 141
From the Business Owners View to the Architect s View 143
Approach 145
Function Hierarchies 146
Dependency Diagrams 150
Data Flow Diagrams 152
Exploding Processes 157
Context Diagram 160
Physical Data Flow Diagrams 161
Logical( Essential )Data Flow Diagrams 162
IDEFO 169
Syntax 170
Rules 174
The UML Activity Diagram 180
Interaction Diagrams 183
Use Cases 184
A Word About Business Process Re-engineering 185
Business Process Diagrams 185
Detailed Function and Process Documentation 187
Structured Natural Language 187
Action Diagrams 190
Decision Trees and Decision Tables 191
Implications for Relational Design 192
Implications of Analyzing Activities 192
Other Hierarchical Techniques 192
Implications for Object-Oriented Design 193
The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Two 193
A Comparison of the Techniques 194
Activities and the Other Columns 195
Activities and Data 195
Activities and Locations 196
Activities and People 196
Activities and Timing(Events) 197
Activities and Motivation 197
CHAPTER 5 Column Four:People and Organizations 199
How to Organize the Enterprise(Row One) 202
Row Two:The Business Owner s View 202
Times Change... 202
A Very Short History of the World 203
Human Capital 205
Structural Capital 205
Customer Capital 206
Requirements for Knowledge Management 206
The New Workplace and Knowledge Management 207
Row Three:The Nature of a(Human)System 210
A System 211
Management 212
A Model of the Viable System—System One 219
Freedom 221
System Two:Dampen Waves 224
System Three:Achieve Synergy 226
System Four:Opportunities 228
System Five:System Identity 232
Extra Communication Channels 234
Implications of This Model 236
Information Overload 236
Jobs 238
Our Personal Lives 238
System Use 239
Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Four 242
People,Organizations,and the Other Columns 243
People and Data 243
People and Activities 243
People and Locations 244
People and Timing 244
People and Motivation 244
CHAPTER 6 Column Three:Locations 245
Row Two—Geography 247
Headquarters and Field Offices 248
Production Network 249
Distribution Network 250
Research Network 250
Customer Locations 250
The Set of Sites 250
Row Three—Network(and the Other Columns) 251
Column One:Where Are Data Created?Where Are They Used? 251
Column Two:Which Functions Are Where? 251
Column Four:Which Roles Are Where? 252
Column Five:What Events Are Where? 252
Column Six:Which Business Rules Are Where? 253
The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Three 253
Introduction 255
CHAPTER 7 Column Five:Timing 255
Row One:Scope 257
Row Two:The Business Owner s View 257
Schedules 257
Events and States 258
State/Transition Diagram 259
Row Three:The Architect s View 260
Events and States 260
Essential Data Flow Diagrams 261
Entity Life Histories 262
The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Five 283
Timing and the Other Columns 283
Timing and Data 283
Timing and Activities 283
Conclusion 284
Timing and Motivation 284
Timing,People,and Organizations 284
Timing and Locations 284
CHAPTER 8 Column Six:Motivation 287
Introduction 287
Row One:Scope 290
Row Two:Business Owners Views 291
End 292
Means 293
Course of Action 293
Assessment 295
Discovering Rules 296
Row Three:Architect s View 298
Classes of Rules 298
Rule Descriptions 304
Quality Criteria 304
Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Six 336
Motivation and the Other Columns 337
Motivation and Data 337
Motivation and Activities 337
Motivation and Locations 337
Motivation,People,and Organizations 337
Motivation and Timing 338
Conclusion 338
APPENDIX A The Zachman Framework 341
APPENDIX B A Comparison of Data Modeling Techniques 343
APPENDIX C The Business Rules Group Motivation Model 389
APPENDIX D The Business Rules Group and David C.Hay Modified Motivation Model 391
Glossary 393
Bibliography 443
Index 449