需求分析 Requirements AnalysisPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 A Framework for Architecture 1

The Zachman Framework 1

The Rows 2

The Columns 4

The Architecture Framework 5

The Analysis Process 7

Implications 9

CHAPTER 2 Managing Projects 11

Introduction 11

Summary of Development Phases 14

About Strategy 17

Articulation 17

About Requirements Analysis 18

Definition 18

Process One:Define Scope 19

Process Two:Plan the Process 20

Process Three:Gather Information 21

Step 1:Conduct Briefing 22

Step 2A:Conduct Interviews 22

Step 2B:Joint Application Development(JAD)and Feedback Sessions 23

Step 3:Obtain Industry Information and Patterns 23

Step 4:Examine Current Systems 24

Step 5:The Deliverable 24

Process Four:Describe the Enterprise 25

Step 1:Define Data Models(See Chapter 3) 26

Step 2:Define Activity Models(See Chapter 4) 27

Step 3:Define Location Models(See Chapter 6) 30

Step 4:Define People and Organization Models(See Chapter 5) 30

Step 5:Define Event and Timing Models(See Chapter 7) 32

Step 6:Define Motivation Models(See Chapter 8) 33

Step 7:Present Models 37

Step 8:Deliverables:Model Descriptions 39

Process Five:Define What Is Required of a New System 40

Step 1:Restate Project Purpose 40

Step 2:Identify Key Players 40

Step 3:Identify Required Capabilities 41

Step 4:Identify Requirement Constraints 43

Step 5:Identify Non-functional Requirements 43

Step 6:Determine Level of Technology 46

Step 7:Identify Capacity Requirements 47

Step 8:Decide Whether to Make or Buy 47

Process Six:Determine the Existing Systems Environment 48

Step 9:Deliverable:Requirements Statement 48

Step 1:Define Operating Environment 49

Step 2:Identify Software Environment 49

Step 3:Define Technological Architecture 50

Step 4:Define Operational Procedures 50

Step 5:Identify Existing Capacity 50

Step 6:Deliverable:System Inventory 51

Process Seven:Plan for Transition 51

Step 1:Begin Reorganization 52

Step 2:Begin Education 52

Step 3:Prepare for Training 53

Step 4:Prepare for Data Conversion 53

Step 5:Prepare for Implementation of Hardware and Software 54

Step 6:Deliverable:Transition Plan 54

Summary 55

Views of Data 57

CHAPTER 3 Column One:Data 57

A Brief History of Data Architecture 60

The Application Approach to Systems... 61

What Went Wrong? 63

1.Input s Connections to Output 63

2.Overlapping Applications 64

3.Encoding Business in the Programs 65

The Solution—Version 1 65

Data Management 68

The Solution—Version 2 68

Advanced Data Management—Meta-data 72

Graphics—Data Modeling 72

A Short History 72

Entity/Relational Modeling 72

Object Modeling 73

Object-Role Modeling(ORM) 76

How to Draw a Data Model 79

Using Entity/Relationship and Object Models 86

Business Owners Views(Row Two) 87

Architect s View(Row Three) 87

Designer s View(Row Four) 88

Normalization 91

Before Normal Forms 92

First Normal Form 93

Second Normal Form 94

Third Normal Form 95

Boyce/Codd Normal Form 97

Fourth Normal Form 99

Fifth Normal Form 100

Data Modeling and Normalization 104

Object-Oriented Design 111

Referential Integrity 111

Data Modeling Conventions 112

Syntactic—Symbols 112

Positional—The Crow s Foot Rule 113

Semantic—Data Model Patterns 114

Entity/Relationship Model Validation 131

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column One 136

Entity Types and Relationships,with Narrative 136

Attributes 136

Domains 137

Unique Identifiers 137

Data,People,and Organizations 138

Data and Locations 138

Data and Activities 138

Data and the Other Columns 138

Referential Integrity 138

Data and Timing 139

Data and Business Rules 139

Conclusion 139

CHAPTER 4 Column Two:Activities 141

From the Business Owners View to the Architect s View 143

Approach 145

Function Hierarchies 146

Dependency Diagrams 150

Data Flow Diagrams 152

Exploding Processes 157

Context Diagram 160

Physical Data Flow Diagrams 161

Logical( Essential )Data Flow Diagrams 162

IDEFO 169

Syntax 170

Rules 174

The UML Activity Diagram 180

Interaction Diagrams 183

Use Cases 184

A Word About Business Process Re-engineering 185

Business Process Diagrams 185

Detailed Function and Process Documentation 187

Structured Natural Language 187

Action Diagrams 190

Decision Trees and Decision Tables 191

Implications for Relational Design 192

Implications of Analyzing Activities 192

Other Hierarchical Techniques 192

Implications for Object-Oriented Design 193

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Two 193

A Comparison of the Techniques 194

Activities and the Other Columns 195

Activities and Data 195

Activities and Locations 196

Activities and People 196

Activities and Timing(Events) 197

Activities and Motivation 197

CHAPTER 5 Column Four:People and Organizations 199

How to Organize the Enterprise(Row One) 202

Row Two:The Business Owner s View 202

Times Change... 202

A Very Short History of the World 203

Human Capital 205

Structural Capital 205

Customer Capital 206

Requirements for Knowledge Management 206

The New Workplace and Knowledge Management 207

Row Three:The Nature of a(Human)System 210

A System 211

Management 212

A Model of the Viable System—System One 219

Freedom 221

System Two:Dampen Waves 224

System Three:Achieve Synergy 226

System Four:Opportunities 228

System Five:System Identity 232

Extra Communication Channels 234

Implications of This Model 236

Information Overload 236

Jobs 238

Our Personal Lives 238

System Use 239

Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Four 242

People,Organizations,and the Other Columns 243

People and Data 243

People and Activities 243

People and Locations 244

People and Timing 244

People and Motivation 244

CHAPTER 6 Column Three:Locations 245

Row Two—Geography 247

Headquarters and Field Offices 248

Production Network 249

Distribution Network 250

Research Network 250

Customer Locations 250

The Set of Sites 250

Row Three—Network(and the Other Columns) 251

Column One:Where Are Data Created?Where Are They Used? 251

Column Two:Which Functions Are Where? 251

Column Four:Which Roles Are Where? 252

Column Five:What Events Are Where? 252

Column Six:Which Business Rules Are Where? 253

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Three 253

Introduction 255

CHAPTER 7 Column Five:Timing 255

Row One:Scope 257

Row Two:The Business Owner s View 257

Schedules 257

Events and States 258

State/Transition Diagram 259

Row Three:The Architect s View 260

Events and States 260

Essential Data Flow Diagrams 261

Entity Life Histories 262

The Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Five 283

Timing and the Other Columns 283

Timing and Data 283

Timing and Activities 283

Conclusion 284

Timing and Motivation 284

Timing,People,and Organizations 284

Timing and Locations 284

CHAPTER 8 Column Six:Motivation 287

Introduction 287

Row One:Scope 290

Row Two:Business Owners Views 291

End 292

Means 293

Course of Action 293

Assessment 295

Discovering Rules 296

Row Three:Architect s View 298

Classes of Rules 298

Rule Descriptions 304

Quality Criteria 304

Requirements Analysis Deliverable—Column Six 336

Motivation and the Other Columns 337

Motivation and Data 337

Motivation and Activities 337

Motivation and Locations 337

Motivation,People,and Organizations 337

Motivation and Timing 338

Conclusion 338

APPENDIX A The Zachman Framework 341

APPENDIX B A Comparison of Data Modeling Techniques 343

APPENDIX C The Business Rules Group Motivation Model 389

APPENDIX D The Business Rules Group and David C.Hay Modified Motivation Model 391

Glossary 393

Bibliography 443

Index 449