PART 1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Transport 1
Chapter 1 Fluid Properties 2
1.1 Continuum 3
1.2 Definition of a Fluid 3
1.3 Dimensions and Units 5
1.4 Viscosity 8
1.5 Mass,Weight,and Concentration Variables 11
1.6 Temperature and Thermodynamic Variables 14
1.7 Pressure and a Perfect Gas 15
1.8 Bulk Modulus of Elasticity 18
1.9 Vapor Pressure 19
1.10 Surface Tension 20
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics 30
2.1 Force,Stress,and Pressure at a Point 31
2.2 Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 35
2.3 Units and Scales of Pressure Measurement 40
2.4 Manometers 44
2.5 Forces on Plane Areas 49
2.6 Force Components on Curved Surfaces 58
2.7 Buoyant Force 65
2.8 Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies 68
2.9 Relative Equilibrium 71
Chapter 3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Control Volume Equations 102
3.1 Flow Concepts and Kinematics 103
3.2 The General Control Volume Conservation Equation 113
3.3 The Conservation of Mass 115
3.4 The Energy Equation 118
3.5 Application of the Energy Equation to Steady Fluid-Flow Situations 124
3.6 The Control Volume Linear-Momentum Equation 133
3.7 Applications of the Linear Momentum Equation 136
3.8 The Moment-of-Momentum Equation 155
3.9 Heat and Mass Transfer 158
Chapter 4 Basic Governing Differential Equations 185
4.1 Kinematics,Motion,and Deformation 186
4.2 The General Reynolds Transport Equation 195
4.3 The Continuity Equation 196
4.4 The Momentum Equation 198
4.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy and the Bernoulli Equation 202
4.6 The Energy Equation 208
4.7 The Differential Heat Equation 211
4.8 Differential Mass Balance for a Species 212
Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude 224
5.1 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Ratios 225
5.2 Dimensions and Units 227
5.3 The П Theorem:Momentum and Energy 228
5.4 The П Theorem:Heat and Mass Transport 240
5.5 Nondimensional Analysis of Governing Equations 243
5.6 Model Studies and Similitude 247
Chapter 6 Viscous Flow:Pipes and Channels 259
6.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows:Internal and External Flows 260
6.2 Laminar,Incompressible,Steady Flow Between Parallel Plates 263
6.3 Laminar Flow Through Circular Tubes and Circular Annuli 268
6.4 Turbulent Flow Relations 273
6.5 Turbulent Flow Losses in Open and Closed Conduits 283
6.6 Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels 285
6.7 Steady Incompressible Flow Through Simple Pipes 288
6.8 Minor Losses 298
Chapter 7 External Flows 315
7.1 Shear and Pressure Forces 316
7.2 Boundary Layer Concepts:Flat Plates 318
7.3 Flow and Drag:Spheres 325
7.4 The Effect of Pressure Gradients:Separation and Wakes 328
7.5 Drag on Immersed Bodies 332
7.6 Lift 337
7.7 Acceleration and Inertial Forces 340
Chapter 8 Ideal-Fluid Flow 346
8.1 Requirements for Ideal-Fluid Flow 347
8.2 Euler s Equation of Motion 347
8.3 Irrotational Flow:Velocity Potential 350
8.4 Integration of Euler s Equation:Bernoulli s Equation 352
8.5 Stream Functions and Boundary Conditions 354
8.6 Two-Dimensional Flows 359
8.7 Water Waves:A Moving Boundary Problem 370
Chapter 9 Transport by Advection and Diffusion 378
9.1 Steady Molecular Diffusion and Conduction 379
9.2 Advection and Convection:Bulk Approaches 389
9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer Transport 398
9.4 Turbulent Transport Relations 402
9.5 Turbulent Diffusion 405
9.6 Channel Diffusion and Dispersion 416
9.7 Applications of Diffusion and Dispersion Techniques 424
PART 2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics and Transport 443
Chapter 10 Measurements 444
10.1 System Attributes and Functions 445
10.2 Pressure Measurement 451
10.3 Elevation Measurement 453
10.4 Temperature Measurement 456
10.5 Velocity Measurement 456
10.6 Rate Devices:Orifices 466
10.7 Venturi Meter,Nozzle,and Other Conduit Rate Measuring Devices 474
10.8 Open-Channel Rate Devices 479
10.9 Particle Concentration Measurements 487
10.10 Measurement of Viscosity 493
Chapter 11 Turbomachinery 505
11.1 Homologous Units:Specific Speed 506
11.2 Elementary Cascade Theory 512
11.3 Theory of Turbomachines 514
11.4 Reaction Turbines 518
11.5 Pumps and Blowers 522
11.6 Impulse Turbines 529
11.7 Cavitation 534
Chapter 12 Closed-Conduit FloW 541
12.1 Steady Flow:Exponential Pipe-Friction Formulas 542
12.2 Steady Flow:Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 543
12.3 Steady Flow:Pipeline Systems 550
12.4 Steady Flow:Networks of Pipes 559
12.5 Steady Flow:Methodologies for Complex Hydraulic Networks 561
12.6 Steady Flow:Noncircular Conduits,Aging of Pipes,and Additives 566
12.7 Unsteady Flow:Oscillation of Liquid in a U Tube 568
12.8 Unsteady Flow:Establishment of Flow 576
12.9 Unsteady Flow:Description of the Waterhammer Phenomenon 578
12.10 Unsteady Flow:Differential Equations for Calculation of Waterhammer 580
12.11 Unsteady Flow:The Method of Characteristics Solution 583
Chapter 13 Flow in Open Channels 605
13.1 Classification of Flow 606
13.2 Best Hydraulic Channel Cross Sections 607
13.3 Steady Uniform Flow in a Floodway 609
13.4 Hydraulic Jump and Stilling Basins 610
13.5 Specific Energy and Critical Depth 614
13.6 Transitions 617
13.7 Gradually Varied Flow 620
13.8 Classification of Surface Profiles 626
13.9 Control Sections 628
13.10 Computer Calculation of Gradually Varied Flow 629
13.11 Frictionless Positive Surge Wave in a Rectangular Channel 631
13.12 Frictionless Negative Surge Wave in a Rectangular Channel 633
Chapter 14 Applications of Transport Phenomena 643
14.1 Engineered versus Geoenvironmental Transport 643
14.2 Multiphase Flows:Particle Transport 646
14.3 Coupled Flow and Transport:Stratified Boundary Layer 660
14.4 Interfacial Transfer:Evaporation 671
14.5 Process Reactors and Tanks 685
14.6 Mechanical Mixing and Agitation 695
Appendices 707
Appendix A Force Systems,Moments,and Centroids 707
A.1 Simple Force Systems 707
A.2 First and Second Moments:Centroids 707
Appendix B Computer Programming Aids 711
Appendix C Physical Properties of Fluids 712
Appendix D Variable Notation 717
Appendix E Vector Operations and Notation 722
E.1 Notation and Definitions 722
E.2 Vector Algebra 723
E.3 Vector Operations 724
E.4 Unit Normals and Planes 725
E.5 Differential Operations 726
Appendix F Answers to Even-Numbered Problems 728