CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS 1
A Personal View 1
The Roots of Fiber Optics 2
Fibers in Communications 6
Basic Fiber Concepts 7
The Emerging Optical Network 11
Fiber Terms and Terminology 15
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIBEROPTIC COMPONENTS 19
Basics of Optics 19
Light Guiding 27
Fiber Transmission 30
Other Optical Components 35
CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATIONS 41
Communication Concepts 41
System Funcfions 46
Signal Formats 50
Analog and Digital Communications 51
Communications Services 55
Fiber-Optic Communication Equipment 60
CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS 67
Light Guiding 67
Step-Index Multimode Fiber 70
Modes and Their Effects 74
Graded-Index Multimode Fiber 78
Single-Mode Fiber 80
Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Fiber 84
Polarization in Single-Mode Fiber 90
Other Fiber Types 92
CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL FIBERS 97
Fiber Attenuation 97
Light Collection and Propagation 103
Dispersion 107
Nonlinear Effects 120
Mechanical Properties 124
CHAPTER 6 FIBER MATERIALS AND FIBER MANUFACTURE 131
Requirements for Making Optical Fibers 131
Glass Fibers 132
Fused-Silica Fibers 134
Plastic Fibers 140
Exotic Fibers and Light Guides 144
CHAPTER 7 SPECIAL-PURPOSE FIBERS 153
Fiber Gratings 153
Doped Fibers for Amplifiers and Lasers 160
Side-Glowing Decorative Fibers 165
Photonic Bandgap or Holey Fibers 166
Graded-Index Fiber Lenses 167
CHAPTER 8 CABLING 173
Cabling Basics 173
Reasons for Cabling 174
Types of Cable 177
Elements of Cable Structure 182
Cable Installation 190
Cable Changes and Failure 191
CHAPTER 9 LIGHT SOURCES 195
Light Source Considerations 195
LED Sources 199
The Laser Principle 203
Semiconductor Laser Sources 206
Vertical Cavity Semiconductor Lasers 211
Diode Laser Wavelengths and Materials 212
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 219
Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers 220
Other Solid-State Laser Sources 225
CHAPTER 10 TRANSMITTERS 229
Transmitter Terminology 229
Operational Considerations 230
Multiplexing 233
Modulation 236
Single-Channel Transmitter Design 239
Sample Transmitters 242
CHAPTER 11 RECEIVERS 249
Defining Receivers 249
Detector Basics 252
Performance Considerations 259
Electronic Functions 266
Sample Receiver Circuits 269
CHAPTER 12 REPEATERS,REGENERATORS,AND OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 275
The Distance Problem 275
Types of Amplification 277
Requirements for Amplification 279
Electro-Optic Repeaters and Regenerators 280
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 281
Other Doped Fiber Amplifiers 287
Raman Amplification in Fibers 288
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 289
Regeneration in Optical Amplifiers 293
CHAPTER 13 CONNECTORS AND SPLICES 299
Applications of Connectors and Splices 299
Internal Reflections 307
Fiber-to-Fiber Attenuation 307
Mechanical Considerations in Connectors 307
Connector Structures 309
Connector Installation 311
Connecting Single-and Multifiber Cables 312
Standard Connector Types 312
Splicing and Its Applications 317
Splicing lssues and Performance 319
Types of Splicing 321
CHAPTER 14 COUPLERS AND OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENTS 331
Coupler Concepts and Applications 331
Coupler Characteristics 334
Coupler Types and Technologies 339
Attenuators 345
Optical Isolators 346
Optical Circulators 347
CHAPTER 15 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OPTICS 355
WDM Requirements 355
Optical Filters and WDM 360
WDM Technologies 366
Building Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 376
CHAPTER 16 OPTICAL SWITCHES, MODULATORS,AND OTHER ACTIVE COMPONENTS 383
Defining Active Components 383
Modulators and Modulation 384
Switching in Optical Networks 389
Optical Switching Technologies 395
Wavelength Coversions 401
Integrated Optics 402
Optically Controlled Modulation and Switching 404
CHAPTER 17 FIBER-OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 409
Basics of Optical Power Measurement 409
Wavelength and Frequency Measurements 418
Phase and Interference Measurements 420
Polarization Measurements 422
Time and Bandwidth Measurements 423
Signal Quality Measurements 426
Fiber-Specific Measurements 428
CHAPTER 18 TROUBLESHOOTING AND TEST EQUIPMENT 439
Fiber-Optic Troubleshooting 439
Test and Measurement Instruments 442
Troubleshooting Procedures 455
CHAPTER 19 SYSTEM AND OPTICAL NETWORKING CONCEPTS 465
An Evolving Network 465
Telecommunication Network Structure 467
Transmission Topologies 470
Transmission Formats 478
Transmission Capacity 483
CHAPTER 20 FIBER SYSTEM STANDARDS 495
Why Standards Are Needed 495
Families of Standards 497
Layers of Standards 498
Transmission Format Concepts 501
Interchange Standards 504
Fiber-Transmission Standards 506
Video Standards 510
Optical Networking Standards 510
CHAPTER 21 SINGLE-CHANNEL SYSTEM DESIGN 515
Variables 515
Power Budgeting 518
Examples of Loss Budgeting 523
Transmission Capacity Budget 529
Cost/Performance Trade-offs 537
CHAPTER 22 OPTICAL NETWORKING SYSTEM DESIGN 545
WDM versus High-Speed TDM 545
Density of Optical Channels 546
Fiber Properties and WDM 550
Nonlinear Effects in WDM Systems 554
Optical Amplification and WDM Design 555
Switching and Optical Networking 558
CHAPTER 23 GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICA-TIONS APPLICATIONS 569
Defining Telecommunications 570
The Global Telecommunications Network 574
Pulting Networks Together 575
Submarine Cables 580
Long-Haul Terrestrial Systems 589
Types of Long-Distance Services 595
CHAPTER 24 REGIONAL AND METRO TELECOMMUNICATIONS 601
Regional Network Structure 601
Established Regional Telecommunication Networks 605
Metro Networks 607
Regional/Metro System Design 609
CHAPTER 25 LOCAL TELEPHONE OR ACCESS NETWORKS 619
Structure of the Local Phone Network 619
Subscriber and Access Services 626
Emerging Services and Competing Technologies 630
Passive Optical Networks 635
Gigabit Ethernet and Internet Protocol 637
CHAPTER 26 COMPUTERS AND LOCALAREA NETWORKS 643
Computer and Phone Networks 643
Internet Structure 646
Atmospheric Optical Links 651
Fiber versus Copper Links 653
Fiber-Optic Data Link Design 657
Fiber in Standard Data Networks 658
CHAPTER 27 VIDEO TRANSMISSION 669
Video Basics 669
Transmission Media 676
Cable Television Networks 677
Digital Television and Cable Systems 682
Other Video Applications 683
CHAPTER 28 MOBILE FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS 689
Mobile Systems 689
Remotely Controlled Robotic Vehicles 690
Fibers in Aircraft 693
Shipboard Fiber-Optic Networks 695
Autamotice Fiber Optics 696
CHAPTER 29 FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS 701
Fiber-Sensing Concepts 701
Fiber-Optic Probes 702
Fiber-Sensing Mechanisms 704
Some Fiber Sensor Examples 707
Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes 709
Smart Skins and Structures 712
CHAPTER 30 IMAGING AND ILLUMI-NATING FIBER OPTICS 717
Basics of Fiber Bundles 717
Optics of Bundled Fibers 722
Imaging Applications 725
Light Piping and Illumination 728
APPENDICES 733
Appendix A Important Constants,Units,Conversion Factors,and Equations 733
Appendix B Decibles and Equivalents 737
Appendix C Standard Time-Division MultiPlexing Rates 739
Appendix D ITU Frequencies and Wavelengths for L-and C-bands,100-GHz Spacing,100 Channels 741
Appendix E Laser and Fiber Safety 743
Appendix F Fiber-Optic Resources 745
GLOSSARY 748
INDEX 765