第一章 语言和学习 1
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 2
Reading for Ideas:"Want to Learn a Language?Don't Make It a Mount Everest,"by Tish Durkin 5
THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Cultural Humor 8
PART TWO Language for Writing 10
Describing Foreign Language Learning 10
PART THREE Systems for Writing 12
Essay Form and Function 12
Focus on Testing:Editing for Correct Form and Function 16
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 17
第二章 危险和冒险 21
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 22
Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from Annapurna:A Woman's Place,by Arlene Blum 27
THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information 31
PART TWO Language for Writing 33
Describing Explorers 33
PART THREE Systems for Writing 34
The Thesis Statement:Topic and Angle 34
Supporting Ideas 36
Focus on Testing:Planning a Good Thesis Statement 41
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 42
第三章 男人和女人 45
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 46
Reading for Ideas:Excerpt from You Just Don't Understand,by Deborah Tannen 48
THINKING CRITICALLY Recognizing Supporting Information 52
PART TWO Language for Writing 54
Describing Communication Differences Between Men and Women 54
PART THREE Systems for Writing 55
Paragraph Development 55
Focus on Testing:Pretending You're the Reader 58
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 59
第四章 古今之谜 63
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 64
Reading for ideas:"The Giza Pyramids" 68
THINKING CRITICALLY Using Your Knowledge of Word Parts 71
PART TWO Language for Writing 72
Speculating 72
Describing Ancient Structures or Monuments 74
PART THREE Systems for Writing 76
Types of Supporting Material 76
Focus on Testing:Choosing a Familiar Topic 80
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 81
第五章 人生转折 85
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 86
Reading for Ideas:"Adolescence and Adulthood" 90
THINKING CRITICALLY Classifying Information 94
PART TWO Language for Writing 96
Discussing Rites of Passage 96
PART THREE Systems for Writing 98
Organizing Supporting Material 98
Interpreting Supporting Material 99
Focus on Testing:Editing for Good Organization and Development 102
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 102
第六章 大脑 105
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 106
Reading for Ideas:"The Dream That Haunts You,"by Kristin von Kreisler 108
THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Symbols 112
PART TWO Language for Writing 113
Interpreting Dreams 113
PART THREE Systems for Writing 115
Paragraph Organization:Levels of Generality 115
Focus on Testing:"Drawing"YourIdeas 118
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 121
第七章 工作 125
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 126
Reading for Ideas:"Decision by Consensus"by Alison R.Lanier 129
THINKING CRITICALLY Applying New Information 133
PART TWO Language for Writing 134
Describing Work in a Multicultural Setting 134
Describing Causes and Effects 135
PART THREE Systems for Writing 136
Cause and Effect 136
Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅰ 138
Causal Chain Essay Organization Ⅱ 139
Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Organizational Patterns 139
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 141
第八章 突破 145
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 146
Reading for Ideas:"Here Comes the Sun,"by John Greenwald 149
THINKING CRITICALLY Expanding the Literal Meanings of Words 152
PART TWO Language for Writing 154
Discussing Energy 154
Describing How Things Work 154
PART THREE Systems for Writing 156
Processes 156
Focus on Testing:Considering the Audience 157
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 158
第九章 艺术和娱乐 161
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 162
Reading for Ideas:"African Art as Nonverbal Communication,"by Thelma R.Newman 165
THINKING CRITICALLY Applying What You've Learned 168
PART TWO Language for Writing 169
Analyzing and Describing Art 169
PART THREE Systems for Writing 171
Introductions and Conclusions 171
Focus on Testing:Having a Repertoire of Introductions and Conclusions 173
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 174
第十章 伦理问题 177
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 178
Reading for Ideas:Selections from Turtle Island,by Gary Snyder 180
THINKING CRITICALLY Interpreting Metaphors 185
PART TWO Language for Writing 186
Using Abstract Nouns 186
Giving Definitions 187
PART THREE Systems for Writing 188
Definitions:Literal and Stipulated 188
Focus on Testing:Brainstorming to Get Started 190
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 191
第十一章 医药 193
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 194
Reading for Ideas:"The Shaman and the Scientist,"by Elizabeth Royte 197
THINKING CRITICALLY Making Predictions 200
PART TWO Language for Writing 202
Understanding Prefixes and Suffixes in Medical Terminology 202
Reviewing Transitions 203
PART THREE Systems for Writing 205
Comparisons 205
Focus on Testing:Getting Your Thesis Right 208
PART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 209
第十二章 未来 213
PART ONE Ideas for Writing 214
Reading for Ideas:"Computers Make the Workplace Less Friendly," by Curt Suplee 217
THINKING CRITICALLY Considering Both Points of View 220
PART TWO Language for Writing 222
Using Computer Terminology 222
Making Qualified Predictions 223
PART THREE Systems for Writing 224
Summarizing 224
Focus on Testing:Mastering the Art of Summary Writing 227
RART FOUR Evaluating for Rewriting 228