CHAPTER 1 WHERE TO START 1
Part Ⅰ General Principles 7
CHAPTER 2 RECEPTOR THEORY 7
Agonists 7
Efficacy and Potency 8
Therapeutic Index 9
Antagonists 10
Inverse Agonists 12
CHAPTER 3 ABSORPTION,DISTRIBUTION,AND CLEARANCE 14
First-Pass Effect 14
How Drugs Cross Membranes 15
Bioavailability 17
Total Body Clearance 18
CHAPTER 4 PHARMACOKINETICS 20
Volume of Distribution 20
First-Order Kinetics 21
Zero-Order Kinetics 24
Steady-State Concentration 25
Time Needed to Reach Steady State 27
Loading Dose 28
CHAPTER 5 DRUG METABOLISM AND RENAL ELIMINATION 30
Liver Metabolism 30
Renal Excretion 31
Part Ⅱ Drugs That Affect the Autonomic Nervous System 35
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM 35
Why Include This Material? 35
Relevant Anatomy 36
Synthesis,Storage,Release,and Removal of Transmitters 39
Receptors 40
General Rules of Innervation 42
CHAPTER 7 CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS 45
Organization of Class 45
Direct Cholinergic Agonists 47
Cholinesterase Inhibitors 48
CHAPTER 8 CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS 51
Organization of Class 51
Muscarinic Antagonists 51
Ganglionic Blockers 54
Neuromuscular Blockers 54
CHAPTER 9 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS 56
Organization of Class 56
Direct-Acting Agonists 57
Dopamine 59
Indirect-Acting Agents 59
Cardiovascular Effects of Norepinephrine,Epinephrine,and Isoproterenol 60
CHAPTER 10 ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS 63
Organization of Class 63
Central Blockers 64
α-Blockers 64
β-Blockers 65
Mixed α-and β-Blockers 68
Part Ⅲ Drugs That Affect the Cardiovascular System 71
CHAPTER 11 DRUGS THAT IMPROVE CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY 71
Organization of Class 71
Cardiac Glycosides 71
Sympathomimetics 73
CHAPTER 12 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS 74
Organization of Class 74
Diuretics 75
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE)Inhibitors 78
Angiotensin Ⅱ Receptor Antagonists 79
Calcium Channel Blockers 80
Nitrates 81
Other Direct Vasodilators 82
α-and β-Blockers 83
Clonidine 84
Chapter Overview 85
CHAPTER 13 DRUGS USED IN HEART FAILURE 85
Reduction of Cardiac Workload 86
Control of Excessive Fluid 86
Enhancement of Contractility 86
CHAPTER 14 ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS 88
Organization of Class 88
Class Ⅰ Drugs(Sodium Channel Blockers) 89
Class Ⅱ Drugs(β-Blockers) 91
Class Ⅲ Drugs(Potassium Channel Blockers) 92
Class Ⅳ Drugs(Calcium Channel Blockers) 93
Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs 94
Drugs That Increase Heart Rate 94
CHAPTER 15 DRUGS THAT AFFECT BLOOD 96
Organization of Class 96
Antiplatelet Agents 98
Anticoagulants 99
Thrombolytic Drugs 101
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 102
Drugs Used in the Treament of Anemia 103
CHAPTER 16 LIPID-LOWERING DRUGS 104
Organization of Class 104
Additional Explanation of Mechanisms 105
Part Ⅳ Drugs That Act on the Central Nervous System 109
CHAPTER 17 ANXIOLYTIC AND HYPNOTIC DRUGS 109
Tolerance and Dependence 109
Organization of Class 110
Barbiturates 112
Benzodiazepines 113
Buspirone 116
CHAPTER 18 ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND LITHIUM 117
Organization of Class 117
Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors(SSRIs) 118
Heterocyclics 119
Monoamine Oxidase(MAO)Inhibitors 120
Other Antidepressants 121
Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorder 122
CHAPTER 19 ANTIPSYCHOTICS OR NEUROLEPTICS 123
Organization of Class 123
Typical Antipsychotics 125
Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists 126
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome 127
CHAPTER 20 DRUGS USED IN PARKINSON S DISEASE 128
Organization of Class 128
Dopamine Replacement Therapy 129
Dopamine Agonist Therapy 130
Anticholinergic Therapy 131
CHAPTER 21 ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS 132
Organization of Class 132
Important Details About the Four Most Important Drugs 134
Other Drugs to Consider 135
CHAPTER 22 NARCOTICS(OPIATES) 137
Organization of Class 137
Actions of Morphine and the Other Agonists 139
Distinguishing Features of Some Agonists 140
Opioid Antagonists 141
Opioid Agonist-Antagonists 141
CHAPTER 23 GENERAL ANESTHETICS 143
Organization of Class 143
Uptake and Distribution of Inhalational Anesthetics 144
Elimination of Inhalational Anesthetics 145
Potency of General Anesthetics 146
Specific Gases and Volatile Liquids 146
Specific Intravenous Agents 147
CHAPTER 24 LOCAL ANESTHETICS 148
Organization of Class 148
Mechanism of Action 149
Special Features About Individual Agents 150
CHAPTER 25 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMOTHERAPY 153
Approach to the Antimicrobials 153
Part Ⅴ Chemotherapeutic Agents 153
General Principles of Therapy 154
Definitions 155
Important Concepts to Understand 155
Classification of Antimicrobials 158
CHAPTER 26 INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS 159
General Features 159
β-Lactams 160
Penicillins 161
Cephalosporins 163
Carbapenems 164
Monobactams(Aztreonam) 164
Vacomycin 165
Bacitracin 165
Polypeptides 165
CHAPTER 27 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS 167
General Features 167
Aminoglycosides 168
Tetracyclines 170
Macrolides 171
Chloramphenicol 172
Clindamycin 173
Mechanism of Action 174
CHAPTER 28 FOLATE ANTAGONISTS 174
Selected Features 176
CHAPTER 29 QUINOLONES AND URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS 177
Drugs in This Group 177
Quinolones 178
Methenamine 179
CHAPTER 30 DRUGS USED IN TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY 180
Organization of Class 180
Isoniazid 181
Rifampin 182
Pyrazinamide 183
Ethambutol 183
Dapsone 184
CHAPTER 31 ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS 185
Organization of Class 185
Polyene Antifungals 186
Azole Antifungals 187
Terbinafine and Griseofulvin 189
CHAPTER 32 ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS 190
Organization of Class 190
Drugs Used Against Cestodes and Trematodes 191
Drugs Used Against Nematodes 191
Drugs Used Against Filaria 192
CHAPTER 33 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 193
Organization of Class 193
Anti-HIV Drugs 194
Drugs Used in Influenza 195
Other Antivirals 196
CHAPTER 34 ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS 197
Organization of Class 197
Selected Features 198
Antimalarial Agents 198
Therapeutic Considerations 199
Special Features 200
CHAPTER 35 ANTICANCER DRUGS 201
Organization of Class 201
Terminology and General Principles of Therapy 204
Adverse Effects 206
Alkylating Agents 208
Antimetabolites 209
Antibiotics and Other Natural Products 210
Miscellaneous Agents 212
Hormonal Agents 212
Immunomodulating Agents 213
Cellular Growth Factors 213
Part Ⅵ Drugs That Affect the Endoerine System 217
CHAPTER 36 ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES 217
Organization of Class 217
Glucocorticoids 220
Mineralocorticoids 221
Inhibitors of Adrenocorticoids Synthesis 221
CHAPTER 37 SEX STEROIDS 222
Organization of Class 222
Estrogens 224
Antiestrogens 225
Progestins 226
Antiprogestins 226
Oral Contraceptives 227
Androgens 227
Antiandrogens 228
Sildenafil 229
CHAPTER 38 THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS 230
Organization of Class 230
Thyroid Replacement Therapy 231
Drugs That Are Thyroid Downers 231
CHAPTER 39 INSULIN,GLUCAGON,AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS 233
Organization of Class 233
Insulins 234
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 235
Part Ⅶ Miscellaneous Drugs 239
CHAPTER 40 HISTAMINE AND ANTIHISTAMINES 239
Organization of Class 239
H1 Receptor Antagonists 240
CHAPTER 41 RESPIRATORY DRUGS 242
Organization of Class 242
Methylxanthines 243
βAgonists 243
Leukotriene Modifiers 244
Cholinergic Antagonists 244
Cromolyn 245
CHAPTER 42 DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GI TRACT 246
Organization of Class 246
Drugs That Act in the Upper GI Tract 246
Drugs That Act in the Lower GI Tract 248
CHAPTER 43 NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS 250
Organization of Class 250
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAIDs) 251
Salicylates,Including Aspirin 253
Acetaminophen 254
Gold Preparations 255
Antigout Agents 256
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Headaches 257
Cyclosporine and Mycophenolate Mofetil 258
CHAPTER 44 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVES 258
Organization of Class 258
Cytotoxic Drugs 259
Monoclonal Antibodies 259
CHAPTER 45 DRUGS USED IN OSTEOPOROSIS 260
Organization of Class 260
Estrogens 261
Calcitonin 261
Bisphosphonates 261
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) 262
Other Agents 262
CHAPTER 46 TOXICOLOGY AND POISONING 263
Principles of Toxicology 263
General Principles in the Treatment of Poisoning 264
Specific Antidotes 265
Index 267