1 Operational Amplifier Fundamentals 1
1.1 Amplifier Fundamentals 3
1.2 The Operational Amplifier 6
1.3 Basic Op Amp Configurations 9
1.4 Ideal Op Amp Circuit Analysis 16
1.5 Negative Feedback 24
1.6 Feedback in Op Amp Circuits 30
1.7 The Return Ratio and Blackman's Formula 38
1.8 Op Amp Powering 46
Problems 52
References 65
Appendix 1A Standard Resistance Values 65
2 Circuits with Resistive Feedback 67
2.1 Current-to-Voltage Converters 68
2.2 Voltage-to-Current Converters 71
2.3 Current Amplifiers 79
2.4 Difference Amplifiers 80
2.5 Instrumentation Amplifiers 87
2.6 Instrumentation Applications 93
2.7 Transducer Bridge Amplifiers 99
Problems 105
References 113
3 Active Filters：Part Ⅰ 114
3.1 The Transfer Function 118
3.2 First-Order Active Filters 123
3.3 Audio Filter Applications 130
3.4 Standard Second-Order Responses 135
3.5 KRC Filters 142
3.6 Multiple-Feedback Filters 149
3.7 State-Variable and Biquad Filters 154
3.8 Sensitivity 160
Problems 163
References 170
4 Active Filters：Part Ⅱ 171
4.1 Filter Approximations 172
4.2 Cascade Design 178
4.3 Generalized Impedance Converters 185
4.4 Direct Design 191
4.5 The Switched Capacitor 197
4.6 Switched-Capacitor Filters 202
4.7 Universal SC Filters 208
Problems 214
References 220
5 Static Op Amp Limitations 221
5.1 Simplified Op Amp Circuit Diagrams 223
5.2 Input Bias and Offset Currents 229
5.3 Low-Input-Bias-Current Op Amps 234
5.4 Input Offset Voltage 238
5.5 Low-Input-Offset-Voltage Op Amps 243
5.6 Input Offset Error and Compensation Techniques 248
5.7 Input Voltage Range/Output Voltage Swing 253
5.8 Maximum Ratings 259
Problems 261
References 267
Appendix 5A Data Sheets of theμA741 Op Amp 268
6 Dynamic Op Amp Limitations 277
6.1 Open-Loop Frequency Response 278
6.2 Closed-Loop Frequency Response 283
6.3 Input and Output Impedances 290
6.4 Transient Response 294
6.5 Effect of Finite GBP on Integrator Circuits 301
6.6 Effect of Finite GBP on Filters 310
6.7 Current-Feedback Amplifiers 315
Problems 324
References 331
7 Noise 333
7.1 Noise Properties 335
7.2 Noise Dynamics 340
7.3 Sources of Noise 344
7.4 OpAmpNoise 350
7.5 Noise in Photodiode Amplifiers 357
7.6 Low-Noise Op Amps 361
Problems 365
References 369
8 Stability 371
8.1 The Stability Problem 372
8.2 Phase and Gain Margin Measurements 382
8.3 Frequency Compensation of Op Amps 388
8.4 Op Amps Circuits with a Feedback Pole 400
8.5 Input-Lag and Feedback-Lead Compensation 409
8.6 Stability in CFA Circuits 414
8.7 Composite Amplifiers 418
Problems 423
References 433
9 Nonlinear Circuits 434
9.1 Voltage Comparators 435
9.2 Comparator Applications 443
9.3 Schmitt Triggers 450
9.4 Precision Rectifiers 456
9.5 Analog Switches 462
9.6 Peak Detectors 467
9.7 Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers 471
Problems 477
References 482
10 Signal Generators 483
10.1 Sine Wave Generators 485
10.2 Multivibrators 491
10.3 Monolithic Timers 499
10.4 Triangular Wave Generators 505
10.5 Sawtooth Wave Generators 510
10.6 Monolithic Waveform Generators 512
10.7 V-F and F-V Converters 520
Problems 526
References 532
11 Voltage References and Regulators 534
11.1 Performance Specifications 536
11.2 Voltage References 541
11.3 Voltage-Reference Applications 548
11.4 Linear Regulators 553
11.5 Linear-Regulator Applications 558
11.6 Switching Regulators 566
11.7 The Error Amplifier 574
11.8 Voltage Mode Control 577
11.9 Peak Current Mode Control 582
11.10 PCMC of Boost Converters 594
Problems 600
References 607
12 D-A and A-D Converters 608
12.1 Performance Specifications 610
12.2 D-A Conversion Techniques 616
12.3 Multiplying DAC Applications 629
12.4 A-D Conversion Techniques 634
12.5 Oversampling Converters 644
Problems 652
References 655
13 Nonlinear Amplifiers and Phase-Locked Loops 657
13.1 Log/Antilog Amplifiers 658
13.2 Analog Multipliers 665
13.3 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 670
13.4 Phase-Locked Loops 678
13.5 Monolithic PLLs 686
Problems 693
References 696
Index 699