Lesson One General Biology 1
1.1 Intensive Reading 1
Conceptual Foundations of the Biological Sciences 1
1.2 Extensive Reading 7
Plants and Arthropods：Friends or Foes? 7
Lesson Two Biological Membrane 13
2.1 Intensive Reading 13
Membrane 13
2.2 Extensive Reading 17
Across Membrane Transport Mechanisms 17
Lesson Three Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 19
3.1 Intensive Reading 19
Recombinant DNA Technology 19
3.2 Extensive Reading 24
Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 24
Oxidative Phosphorylation 27
Lesson Four Genetics 31
4.1 Intensive Reading 31
Mendelian Genetics 31
4.2 Extensive Reading 39
RNA Interference 39
Lesson Five Plant Biology 45
5.1 Intensive Reading 45
Flower 45
5.2 Extensive Reading 54
The Right Time and Place for Making Flowers 54
Roots as Environmental Sensors and Signal Emitters 57
Lesson Six Animal Sciences 60
6.1 Intensive Reading 60
A Brief Historical Review of Animal Behavior Study 60
6.2 Extensive Reading 68
The Organ Systems in Animals 68
The History of Animal Evolution 69
Lesson Seven Neurobiology 71
7.1 Intensive Reading 71
Neurobiology—the Front of Life Sciences 71
7.2 Extensive Reading 76
How Brain Works? 76
The Function of the Nervous System 77
Lesson Eight Microbiology 82
8.1 Intensive Reading 82
Nature of Virion 82
8.2 Extensive Reading 87
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Its Applications 87
Plant Viruses 90
Lesson Nine Hydrobiology 94
9.1 Intensive Reading 94
Reproductive Physiology of Fishes 94
9.2 Extensive Reading 101
What are Algae? 101
Control of Calcium Balance in Fish 104
Lesson Ten Embryogenesis 108
10.1 Intensive Reading 108
Plant Embryogenesis 108
10.2 Extensive Reading 112
Effort to Clone Pandas 112
Lesson Eleven Crop Breeding 114
11.1 Intensive Reading 114
Ideotype Breeding to Increase Rice Yield 114
11.2 Extensive Reading 120
Plant Steroids and Reproduction 120
Lesson Twelve Phytoremediation 125
12.1 Intensive Reading 125
Advantages and Constraints of Phytoremediation 125
12.2 Extensive Reading 129
Enhancement of Phytoremediation by Genetic Modification 129
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-contaminated Land by Trees 131
Lesson Thirteen Genomics and Proteomics 136
13.1 Intensive Reading 136
Cloning and Mapping Genomes 136
13.2 Extensive Reading 140
Proteomics 140
Bioinformatics in the Post-sequence Era 143
Lesson Fourteen Biodiversity 146
14.1 Intensive Reading 146
Biodiversity and Growth of Knowledge 146
14.2 Extensive Reading 154
Seeds of Diversity 154
On the Origins of Novelty and Variation 157
Lesson Fifteen Food Science 160
15.1 Intensive Reading 160
Irradiation of Food—Helping to Ensure Food Safety 160
15.2 Extensive Reading 164
Organic Food 164
Bioengineered Food 168
Lesson Sixteen Scientific Paper Writing 173
16.1 Intensive Reading 173
Research Paper Writing 173
16.2 Extensive Reading 188
Experiment Report Format 188