Chapter 1 Plurality of Innovations in Practice 1
1．Pragmatism 3
2．Shared Perspectives:Pragmatism and Culture 4
3．Pragmatism and Communication 5
4．Changes as Pragmatic Opportunities 6
4.1 Industrial Revo1ution 7
4.2 World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ 8
5．Plurality of New Media 8
6．New Media and Organizational Sense-Making:A Dissertation on Culturally-Situated Information-Seeking Efforts 10
7．Preview 12
Chapter 2 Uncertainty Reduction,Information 13
1．Culture 16
2．Uncertainty Reduction 18
3．Socialization 21
3.1 Traditional Socialization Research 21
3.2 Social Information Processing Theory and Socialization 22
3.3 Socialization and New Media:Reducing Uncertainty in the Modern Era 24
3.4 Culture and Socialization 27
4．Organizational Identification 29
5．Summary 33
Chapter 3 Methodology 37
1．Procedures 37
1.1 Sampling and Participants 37
1.2 Data Collection 38
2．Measurement 38
2.1 New Media Usage 38
2.2 Uncertainty 39
2.3 Identification 40
2.4 Cultural Differences 41
2.5 Demographic Data 42
3．Demographic Information 42
3.1 Chinese Respondents 42
3.2 American Respondents 43
4．Cross-Sample Equivalence 43
5．Plan of Data Analysis 43
6．Primary Data Analysis Plan 44
Chapter 4 Results 49
1．Preliminary Analysis to Clear Up Variable Measurement 49
1.1 Uncertainty Factors 49
1.2 Measuring Identification:A Comparison of Verbal and Graphic Scales 51
2．Primary Analysis of Data 52
2.1 Information-Seeking and Uncertainty 52
2.2 Cross-Cultural Information-Seeking 57
2.3 Local and Global Identification across Cultures 59
2.4 Model Proposed 62
3．Summary of Results 68
Chapter 5 Discussions 71
1．Discussions on the Findings 71
1.1 Information-Seeking and Uncertainty 72
1.2 Cross Cultural Information-Seeking Patterns 81
1.3 Local and Global Identification across Cultures 83
2．Model Proposed 86
3．Theoretical Implications 89
4．Pragmatic Implications 94
5．Practical Implications 97
6．Limitations and Future Research Directions 99
7．Conclusion 100
References 103
Appendix A English Version of the Survey 121
Appendix B Chinese Version of the Survey 133