Chapter 1 Introducing the Paragraph:Reasons for Writing 1
导读 2
GETTING STARTED 8
Responding to Images 8
Discussion 9
READING AND VOCABULARY 9
Reading:From "Reaching Across the Gap:How I Write"by Michael C.Flanigan 9
Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Word Forms and Families 11
WRITING:THE PARAGRAPH 12
The Topic Sentence 13
Support 16
The Conclusion 18
Title 19
Form 19
Unity 20
Coherence 21
COMPOSITION SKILLS 23
Connecting Words 23
Key Words 24
Coordinators 24
Transition Words 24
Subordinators 25
THE PROCESS OF WRITING 26
Prewriting 26
Considering Audience 26
Getting Ideas 26
Narrowing the Topic 26
Deciding on a Controlling Idea 27
Choosing Support 28
Organizing Ideas 28
Drafting 29
Revising and Editing 30
Revising 30
Editing 31
Editing:Verb Tense.Verb Form,Sentence Fragments,Spelling 31
Connect to the Internet 32
Keeping a Journal 32
Chapter 2 Narrative:Memorable Events 33
导读 34
GETTING STARTED 40
Responding to Images 40
Journal Writing:A Lesson I Learned 40
READING AND VOCABULARY 41
Reading:"My Fault"by Hoang Vo 41
Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Noun Suffixes 42
WRITING:NARRATION 44
Focusing on a Controlling Idea 44
Supporting the Main Point with an Incident 47
Giving Background Information 47
Organizing by Chronological Order 48
Writing Assignment 1 49
COMPOSITION SKILLS 51
Connecting Words for Narration 51
Developing Grammar Skills:Simple Past,Past Continuous,Used to/Would 53
Editing:Simple Past,Past Continuous,Used to/Would 53
WRITING 54
Choosing a Point of View 54
Writing Assignment 2 55
MORE READING AND WRITING 57
Reading:From"Wings of the Morning"by Orestes Lorenzo 57
Topics for Discussion or Writing 58
Connect to the Internet 59
Chapter 3 Description:Memorable Places 60
导读 61
GETTING STARTED 67
Responding to Images 67
Journal Writing:A Special Place 68
READING AND VOCABULARY 68
Reading:"Our Cottage"by Renata Strakova 68
Building Vocabulary:Using Synonyms and Antonyms 70
WRITING:PAST DESCRIPTION 71
Focusing on a Dominant Impression 71
Supporting with Specific Details 72
Organizing by Spatial Arrangement 75
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 77
COMPOSITION SKILLS 79
Prepositions of Place and Direction 79
Developing Grammar Skills:Simple Present,Simple Past,There+be,Subject-Verb Agreement,Order of Adjectives 80
Editing:Verb Tense,There+be,Subject-Verb Agreement,Order of Adjectives 80
WRITING:PRESENT DESCRIPTION 81
Writing Assignment 2 82
MORE READING AND WRITING 84
Reading:From"Wild Swans:Three Daughters of China"by Jung Chang 84
Topics for Discussion or Writing 85
Connect to the Internet 86
Chapter 4 Analyzing Reasons:Human Behavior 87
导读 87
GETTING STARTED 94
Responding to Images 94
Journal Writing:A Person I Admire 95
READING AND VOCABULARY 95
Reading:From"A Celebration of Teachers"by Kristin Hunter 95
Building Vocabulary:Keeping a Vocabulary Notebook 96
WRITING:ANALYZING REASONS 98
Supporting the Main Idea with Details 98
Supporting Generalizations with Examples 100
Organizing into Major Points 101
Writing Assignment 1 102
COMPOSITION SKILLS 103
Connecting Words to Indicate Examples 103
Connecting Words to Indicate Reasons or Causes 104
Pronoun Consistency 105
Developing Grammar Skills:Present Perfect,Tense Consistency,Adjective Clauses 107
Editing:Present Perfect,Tense Consistency,Adjective Clauses,Subject-Verb Agreement 107
WRITING 108
Outlining 108
Writing Assignment 2 110
MORE READING AND WRITING 111
Reading:"Teenagers and Stress"by David Inman 111
Topics for Discussion or Writing 113
Connect to the Internet 113
Chapter 5 Analyzing a Process:Living on the World Wide Web 114
导读 115
GETTING STARTED 119
Responding to Images 119
Journal Writing:Processes Then and Now 119
READING AND VOCABULARY 120
Reading:"You a Blogger?Why Not?" 120
Building Vocabulary:Understanding Prefixes 122
WRITING:PROCESS 123
Analyzing a Process 123
Support for a Process 123
Be aware of your audience. 124
Give all the necessary steps in the process. 124
Explain or describe the materials or equipment required. 124
Warn the reader of difficulties. 124
Give details and examples to make the process clear and interesting. 124
Focusing on a Main Idea 125
Introducing the Process 126
Organizing by Chronological Order 127
COMPOSITION SKILLS 129
Connecting Words for Process 129
Developing Grammar Skills:Passive Voice,Gerunds and Infinitives 131
Editing:Passive Voice,Gerunds and Infinitives 132
Writing Assignment 1 132
MORE READING AND WRITING 134
Reading:"Map Your Tongue"by Eric Haseltine 134
Topics for Discussion and Writing 136
Connect to the Internet 136
Chapter 6 Comparing and Contrasting:Education 137
导读 138
GETTING STARTED 144
Responding to Images 144
Journal Writing:Choosing a School 144
READING AND VOCABULARY 145
Reading:Letters to the Editor 145
Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Suffixes 147
WRITING:COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 149
Establishing a Controlling Idea 149
Choosing Bases of Comparison 150
Organizing by Points of Comparison 151
Writing Assignment 1 152
COMPOSITION SKILLS 154
Connecting Words for Comparison and Contrast 154
Developing Grammar Skills:Comparative Forms,Correlative Conjunctions,Run-on Sentences,Comma Splice 158
Editing:Comparative Forms,Correlative Conjunctions,Run-on Sentences,Comma Splice 159
WRITING 160
Contrasting Then and Now 160
Organizing by Subjects 161
WRITING ASSIGNMENT 2 162
MORE READING AND WRITING 163
Reading:"Literacy Around the World" 163
Topics for Discussion or Writing 165
Connect to the Internet 166
Chapter 7 Classifying:The Media 167
导读 168
GETTING STARTED 172
Responding to Images 172
Journal Writing:Television Shows 173
READING AND VOCABULARY 173
Reading:"A Reading Wasteland" 173
Building Vocabulary:Distinguishing Between Formal and Informal Vocabulary 175
WRITING:CLASSIFYING 176
Finding a Principle of Classification 176
Introducing a Category with a Topic Sentence 181
Developing Grammar Skills:Parallel Structure 182
Editing:Parallel Structure,Tense Continuity,Subject-Verb Agreement 182
Supporting the Categories 183
COMPOSITION SKILLS 184
Connecting Words for Classification 184
Repeating Key Ideas 186
Writing Assignment 1 189
MORE READING AND WRITING 190
Reading:"What's in a Name?" 190
Topics for Discussion and Writing 192
Connect to the Internet 193
Chapter 8 Introduction to the Essay:Technology 194
导读 195
GETTING STARTED 201
Responding to Images 201
Journal Writing:The Effects of Technological Change 201
READING AND VOCABULARY 202
Reading:"Tell-All Generation Learns to Keep Things Offline"by Laura M.Holson 202
Building Vocabulary:Guessing Meaning from Context 204
WRITING:INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSAY 206
Evaluating Effects 206
From Paragraph to Essay 207
The Thesis Statement 210
The Introduction 212
The Support 214
The Conclusion 214
Writing Assignment 1 216
COMPOSITION SKILLS 217
Connecting Words Between Paragraphs 217
Developing Grammar Skills:Adverb Clauses of Result,Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time and Causes 218
Editing:Adverb Clauses of Result,Reduced Adverb Clauses,Verb Tense,Passive Voice 218
WRITING:OUTLINING AN ESSAY 219
Writing Assignment 2 221
MORE READING AND WRITING 223
Reading:"Roombas Fill an Emotional Vacuum for Owners" 223
Topics for Discussion and Writing 224
Connect to the Internet 225
Appendices 226
APPENDIX 1:PREWRITING STRATEGIES 228
Brainstorming 228
Drawing a Sketch 228
Freewriting 229
Making a Venn Diagram 230
Clustering 231
APPENDIX 2:DEVELOPING GRAMMAR SKILLS 232
Adjectives 232
Order of Adjectives 232
Adverbials 233
Adverbs of Time and Sequence 233
Prepositions in Time Expressions 234
Articles 235
The Indefinite Article:a,an,some 235
The Definite Article:the 236
Clauses 238
Independent Clauses 238
Dependent Clauses 239
Adverb Clauses of Time 241
Adverb Clauses of Result 242
Reduced Adverb Clauses 244
Adjective Clauses 245
Comparative Forms 247
Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs 247
(not)as...as 249
Connecting Words 250
Coordinating Conjunctions 250
Correlative Conjunctions 251
Transition Words and Phrases 252
Gerunds and Infinitives 254
Gerunds as Subjects 254
Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions 259
Passive Voice 259
Changing from Active to Passive 260
Uses of the Passive Voice 260
Sentence Structure 261
There+be 261
Sentence Fragments 263
Run-On Sentences 265
Comma Splices 265
Subject-Verb Agreement 267
Parallel Structure 270
Verbs Forms and Tenses 271
Simple Present 271
Simple Past 272
Past Perfect 272
Past Progressive 274
Used to and Would 276
Present Perfect 277
Time Words with the Present Perfect and Simple Past 278
Placement of Adverbs 279
Consistency of Verb Tenses 280
APPENDIX 3:MECHANICS 283
The Period 283
The Comma 283
The Semicolon 284
Capitalization 284
APPENDIX 4:IRREGULAR VERB FORMS 286
APPENDIX 5:ANSWERS TO EDITING EXERCISES 289