1 Introduction 35
Ⅰ Words 51
2 Regular Expressions and Automata 51
3 Words and Transducers 79
4 N-Grams 117
5 Part-of-Speech Tagging 157
6 Hidden Markov and Maximum Entropy Models 207
Ⅱ Speech 249
7 Phonetics 249
8 Speech Synthesis 283
9 Automatic Speech Recognition 319
10 Speech Recognition:Advanced Topics 369
11 Computational Phonology 395
Ⅲ Syntax 419
12 Formal Grammars of English 419
13 Syntactic Parsing 461
14 Statistical Parsing 493
15 Features and Unification 523
16 Language and Complexity 563
Ⅳ Semantics and Pragmatics 579
17 The Representation of Meaning 579
18 Computational Semantics 617
19 Lexical Semantics 645
20 Computational Lexical Semantics 671
21 Computational Discourse 715
Ⅴ Applications 759
22 Information Extraction 759
23 Question Answering and Summarization 799
24 Dialogue and Conversational Agents 847
25 Machine Translation 895
Bibliography 945
Author Index 995
Subject Index 1007