Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to International Trade 1
Section 1 International Trade and Its Importance 1
1.1 The Concept of International Trade 1
1.2 The Importance of International Trade 2
Section 2 Reasons of International Trade 3
2.1 Not Self-sufficient 3
2.2 Advantage Theories 4
2.3 Innovation and Pattern of Demand 6
Section 3 Forms of International Trade 6
3.1 Dealing 6
3.2 Agency 7
3.3 Consignment 7
3.4 Auction 8
3.5 Trade Fair 8
3.6 Invitation to Tender ＆ Submission of Tender 9
3.7 Counter-trade 10
3.8 Futures 11
Section 4 Barriers to International Trade 12
4.1 Natural Barrier 12
4.2 Tariff Barrier 13
4.3 Non-tariff Barrier 13
Words and Expressions 16
Notes 17
Tasks 23
Related Link 26
Chapter 2 The General Procedures of Import and Export Transaction 28
Section 1 Preparation Stage 28
1.1 Preparation for Export 28
1.2 Preparation for Import 32
Section 2 Business Negotiation 33
2.1 Enquiry 33
2.2 Offer 34
2.3 Counter-offer 35
2.4 Acceptance 36
2.5 Conclusion of a Contract 37
Section 3 Implementation of Contract 40
3.1 Preparing Goods for Shipment 40
3.2 Examination and Modification of the Letter of Credit 40
3.3 Chartering and Booking Shipping Space 40
3.4 Customs Formalities 41
3.5 Insuring Goods 41
3.6 Bank Negotiation 41
Section 4 Settlement of Disputes 41
Words and Expressions 42
Notes 42
Tasks 49
Related Link 51
Chapter 3 Name and Quality of Commodity 53
Section 1 Name of Commodity 53
Section 2 The Concept of Quality of Commodity 54
Section 3 Methods of Expressing Quality of Commodity 55
3.1 Sale by Description 55
3.2 Sale by Actual Quality 57
3.3 Sale by Samples 58
Section 4 Stipulations of Quality Clauses 59
4.1 The Clause of Quality Tolerance 59
4.2 The Clause of Quality Latitude 59
Section 5 Examples of Quality Clauses 60
Words and Expressions 60
Notes 61
Tasks 66
Related Link 68
Chapter 4 Quantity of Commodity 69
Section 1 The Concept of Quantity of Commodity 69
Section 2 Common Systems of Measurement and Measuring Units 69
2.1 Systems of Measurement 70
2.2 Measuring Units 70
Section 3 The Calculation of the Weight 71
3.1 By Gross Weight 71
3.2 By Net Weight 72
3.3 By Legal Weight 72
3.4 Net Net Weight 72
3.5 Conditioned Weight 72
3.6 Theoretical Weight 73
Section 4 The Stipulation of Quantity Allowance 73
4.1 More or Less Clause 73
4.2 The Stipulation of"About"and"Approximately" 74
Section 5 Examples of Quantity Clauses 74
Words and Expressions 75
Notes 75
Tasks 77
Related Link 79
Chapter 5 Packing of Commodity 81
Section 1 Significance of Packing 81
Section 2 Types of Packing 82
2.1 Nude Cargo,Bulk Cargo/Cargo in Bulk and Packed Cargo 82
2.2 Transport Packing 83
2.3 Sales Packing 85
2.4 Neutral Packing 86
2.5 Factors Influencing Choice of Packing 86
Section 3 Marking of Export Consignments 87
3.1 Shipping Mark 88
3.2 Handling Instructions and Warning Marks 89
3.3 Information Marks 92
Section 4 Packing Clauses in Contract 93
Words and Expressions 94
Notes 94
Tasks 96
Related Link 97
Chapter 6 Price Terms 99
Section 1 Function and Classification of Price Terms 99
1.1 The Function of Price Terms 99
1.2 The Analysis of Price 100
1.3 International Trade Practice Concerning Price Terms 101
1.4 The Classification of Price Terms 101
Section 2 Commonly Used Three Price Terms to Sea and Waterway Transportation 102
2.1 FOB(Free On Board...Named Port of Shipment) 102
2.2 CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight...Named Port of Destination) 105
2.3 CFR(Cost and Freight...Named Port of Destination) 110
Section 3 Commonly Used Three Price Terms to Any Mode of Transportation 113
3.1 Interpretation of FCA,CIP and CPT 113
3.2 Comparison between FOB,CIF,CFR and FCA,CIP,CPT 114
Section 4 Other Price Terms 114
4.1 EXW(EX Works...Named Place) 114
4.2 FAS(Free Alongside Ship...Named Port of Shipment) 115
4.3 DAF(Delivered at Frontier...Named Place) 115
4.4 DES(Delivered EX Ship...Named Port of Destination) 115
4.5 DEQ(Delivered EX Quay...Named Port of Destination) 115
4.6 DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid...Named Place of Destination) 116
4.7 DDP(Delivered Duty Paid...Named Place of Destination) 116
Section 5 Examples of Price Clauses 117
Words and Expressions 118
Notes 118
Tasks 130
Related Link 133
Chapter 7 International Payment 135
Section 1 Instruments of Payment 135
1.1 Bill of Exchange 136
1.2 Other Instruments of Payment 138
Section 2 Modes of Payment 139
2.1 Remittance 139
2.2 Collection 142
2.3 Letter of Credit 145
2.4 L/C Establishment,Examination and Amendment 149
2.5 The Comparison of UCP600 and UCP500 152
Section 3 Examples of Payment Clauses 153
Words and Expressions 155
Notes 155
Tasks 167
Related Link 172
Chapter 8 International Trade Financing Business 174
Section 1 Trade Financing Services Suited to Exporters 174
1.1 International Factoring 174
1.2 Forfeiting 177
1.3 Packing Loan 178
1.4 Outward Documentary Bill 179
1.5 Export Credit Insurance Financing 180
1.6 Seller's Credit 181
Section 2 Trade Financing Services Suited to Importers 182
2.1 Shipping Guarantee 182
2.2 Trust Receipt 183
2.3 Inward Documentary Bill 184
2.4 Buyer's Credit 184
Section 3 Examples of Trade Financing Clauses 185
Words and Expressions 186
Notes 186
Tasks 197
Related Link 199
Chapter 9 International Cargo Transportation 201
Section 1 The Concept of International Cargo Transportation 201
Section 2 Modes of International Cargo Transportation 202
2.1 Marine Transportation 202
2.2 Inland Waterway Transportation 204
2.3 Air Transportation 204
2.4 Railway Transportation 204
2.5 Road Transportation 205
2.6 Container Transportation 205
2.7 International Multi-modal Transportation 206
2.8 Parcel Post Transportation and Pipeline Transportation 206
Section 3 Shipping Documents 206
3.1 Bill of Lading 206
3.2 Other Shipping Documents 208
3.3 Other Related Documents 210
Section 4 Circulation of Booking Shipping Space 213
Section 5 The Stipulations of Shipment in Contract 215
5.1 Shipment Date 215
5.2 Port of Shipment and Port of Destination 216
5.3 Partial Shipment and Transshipment 217
Section 6 Examples of Shipment and Delivery Clauses 218
Words and Expressions 218
Notes 219
Tasks 224
Related Link 227
Chapter 10 Insurance of International Cargo Transportation 229
Section 1 An Introduction to Insurance 229
1.1 The Mechanism of Insurance 229
1.2 Parties Involved in Insurance 230
Section 2 Marine Insurance 230
2.1 The Concept of Marine Insurance 230
2.2 Marine Risks,Losses and Expenses 231
2.3 Marine Insurance Coverage 233
Section 3 London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses 237
Section 4 Overland,Air Transportation and Parcel Post Insurance Under C.I.C 238
4.1 Overland Transportation Insurance 239
4.2 Air Transportation Insurance 239
4.3 Parcel Post Insurance 240
Section 5 Insurance Practice in Cargo Transportation 240
5.1 Selection of Insurance Coverage 241
5.2 Setting Insured Amount and Calculating Insurance Premium 242
5.3 Effecting Insurance 242
5.4 Acquisition of Insurance Documents 243
5.5 Insurance Claim 244
5.6 Stipulations Regarding Insurance on UCP600 245
Section 6 Examples of Insurance Clauses 246
Words and Expressions 248
Notes 249
Tasks 257
Related Link 260
Chapter 11 Inspection of Commodities 262
Section 1 The Concept of Inspection of Commodities 262
Section 2 Time and Place of Inspection 263
Section 3 Inspection Agency and Inspection Certificate 264
Section 4 Inspection Clauses in Sales Contract 266
Words and Expressions 266
Notes 267
Tasks 268
Related Link 269
Chapter 12 Settlement of Disputes 270
Section 1 Dispute 270
Section 2 Claim 271
2.1 Claim Clauses in Contract 272
2.2 Typical Claims 273
Section 3 Arbitration 273
Section 4 Force Majeure 275
Words and Expressions 276
Notes 276
Tasks 278
Related Link 279
Chapter 13 E-commerce and International Trade 280
Section 1 E-commerce and Traditional Chinese Export Trade Method 280
1.1 E-commerce Development in China 280
1.2 The Functions of E-commerce in Chinese Export Trade 281
1.3 The Challenge of E-commerce on Traditional Export Trade 282
1.4 The Combination of E-commerce and Traditional Export Trade Method 284
Section 2 EDI 286
2.1 The Definition of EDI 286
2.2 EDI Advantage 286
2.3 EDI Requirements 287
2.4 EDI Process 287
Section 3 Examples of E-commerce Clauses 288
Words and Expressions 289
Notes 290
Tasks 292
Related Link 294
Chapter 14 Trade Organizations 296
Section 1 World Trade Organization 296
1.1 Introduction to WTO 296
1.2 History of WTO 297
1.3 Principles of the Trading System under WTO 298
1.4 WTO and China 302
Section 2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) 304
2.1 Introduction to UNCTAD 304
2.2 Aims and Functions of UNCTAD 304
Section 3 Other Regional Trade Organizations 305
3.1 European Union(EU) 305
3.2 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) 307
3.3 North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) 307
Words and Expressions 308
Notes 308
Tasks 311
Related Link 312
Appendix Ⅰ References to the Task 314
Appendix Ⅱ 国际贸易常用单据 316
Appendix Ⅲ 常用商贸词汇 343
Appendix Ⅳ 英汉对照国际贸易实用缩写术语 348
参考文献 368