CONTENTS 1
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction：Grammar and Usage 1
1.1 What Is Grammar？ 1
1.2 Grammatical Rules Are Subject to Change 2
1.3 Grammar and Usage 4
Chapter Ⅱ Word,Morpheme and Word-Formation 8
2.1 Words and Morphemes 8
2.2 Word-Formation 9
1）The Development of Word-Formation 9
2）Ways of Word-Formation 11
Chapter Ⅲ General Remarks on Parts of Speech and Members of the Sentence 23
3.1 Parts of Speech 23
3.2 Members of the Sentence 26
3.3 The Sentence 27
3.4 Kinds of Sentence 30
Chapter Ⅳ Basic Sentence Patterns 32
4.1 General Remarks 32
4.2 Basic Sentence Patterns 34
4.3 Transformational Relations Between the Basic Patterns 38
Patterns into the Interrogative 44
4.4 Transformation of the Basic Sentence 44
4.5 Transformation of the Affirmative into the Negative 46
4.6 Enlargement of the Basic Sentence Patterns 48
Chapter Ⅴ The Noun（Ⅰ）Classification and Function 52
5.1 Classification of Nouns 52
5.2 Characteristic Features of the Noun 57
Chapter Ⅵ The Noun（Ⅱ）Number 62
6.1 Numbers 62
6.2 Formation of the Plural Number 62
6.3 Form and Meaning of Number in the Noun 65
7.1 General Remarks 77
Chapter Ⅷ The Noun（Ⅲ）Case 77
7.2 Formation of the Genitive Case 78
7.3 Use of the Genitive Case 79
7.4 Comparison of the Uses of the's Form and of Construction 80
7.5 Elliptical Genitive 86
7.6 The Double Genitive 87
Chapter Ⅷ The Article 91
8.1 General Remarks 91
8.2 Meaning and Basic Uses of the Indefinite Article 95
Article 99
8.3 Some other Uses of the Indefinite 99
8.4 Meaning and Basic Use of the Definite Article 104
8.5 The Use of Definite Article with Some Proper Names 108
8.6 The Use of Zero Article 109
8.7 The Omission of the Article 113
Chapter Ⅸ The Pronoun（Ⅰ）Personal Pronouns-Relative Pronouns 117
9.1 Introductory Remarks 117
9.2 Personal Pronouns 120
9.3 Possessive pronouns 128
9.4 Reflexive Pronouns 130
9.5 Reciprocal Pronouns 132
9.6 Demonstrative Pronouns 134
9.7 Interrogative Pronouns 136
9.8 Relative Pronouns 141
Chapter Ⅹ The Pronoun（Ⅱ）Indefinite Pronouns 146
10.1 Groups of Indefinite Pronouns 146
10.2 Group One 146
10.3 Group Two 153
10.4 Group Three 156
11.1 Cardinals and Ordinals 165
Chapter Ⅺ The Numeral 165
11.2 Uses of the Cardinals and Ordinals 167
11.3 Some Remarks on the use of the 170
Cardinals and Ordinals 170
11.4 Fractional Numerals 171
11.5 Decimals 172
11.6 Expressions of Time,Date,Various Kinds of Numbers,Ratios and Roots 173
11.7 Expressions of Addition,Substraction,Multiplication and Division 175
11.8 Some other Numerical Expressions 176
12.2 Classes of Verbs 181
Chapter ⅩⅡ The Verb（Ⅰ）Classification and Basic Forms 181
12.1 General Remarks 181
12.3 Finite and Non-finite Forms of the Verb 187
12.4 The Four Basic Forms of the Verb 188
12.5 Regular and Irregular Verbs 189
Chapter ⅩⅢ The Verb（Ⅱ）Tense and Aspect 198
13.1 Time,Tense and Aspect 198
13.2 Use of Tenses 199
13.3 Use of Continuous Aspects 206
13.4 Use of Perfect Aspects 213
13.5 Use of perfect Continuous Aspects 220
13.6 The Future Time 223
Chapter ⅩⅣ The verb（Ⅲ）Lexical Aspect 223
14.1 What Is Lexical Aspect？ 223
13.7 The past F？ture Time 231
14.2 Classification of the Lexical Aspects 234
14.3 Significance in Comprehension of the Aspective Force 243
Chapter ⅩⅤ The Verb（Ⅳ）Voice 253
15.1 The Active and the Passive 253
15.2 The Use of the Voice 253
15.3 Active-Passive Transformation 258
15.4 Multi-Word Verbs to Be Used in the Passive 261
15.5 Quasi-Passives 263
15.6 Tenses in the Passive 266
Chapter ⅩⅥ The verb（Ⅴ）Transformational Relation Between Intransitives and Transitives 267
16.1 Introductory Remarks 267
16.2 Intransitives Converted from Transitives 268
16.3 Some Subtle Distinction Between the Passive Form and the Intransitive 272
16.4 Transitives Converted from Intransitives 274
Chapter ⅩⅦ The Verb（Ⅵ）Mood 279
17.1 General Remarks 279
17.2 Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences 280
17.3 Subjunctive in Some Other Kind of Conditionals 286
17.4 Subjunctive in Some Subordinate Clauses 288
17.5 Subjunctive in Some Other Cases,Mainly in Simple Sentences 293
Chapter ⅩⅧ The Verb（Ⅷ）Primary Auxiliaries 296
18.1 General Remarks 296
18.2 Be 297
18.3 Have 300
18.4 Do 303
19.1 General View 306
Chapter ⅩⅨ The Verb（Ⅷ）Modal Auxiliaries 306
19.2 Can（Could）,May（Might） 307
19.3 Must,Have to 313
19.4 Ought 316
19.5 Shall 317
19.6 Should 321
19.7 Will,Would 322
19.8 Dare,Need 324
Appendix Ⅰ：Grammatical Terms Used in This Volume 327
（1—4） 337
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction：Grammar and Usage 337
［Ⅰ］Exercises 337
Appendix Ⅱ：Exerises with Key 337
Chapter Ⅱ Word,Morpheme and Word-Formation（5—8） 339
Chapter Ⅲ General Remarks on Parts of Speeh and Members of the Sentence（9—11） 343
Chapter Ⅳ Basic Sentence Patterns（12—15） 346
Chapter Ⅴ The Noun（Ⅰ）Classification and Function（16—20） 350
Chapter Ⅵ The Noun（Ⅱ）Number（21—24） 353
Chapter Ⅶ The Noun（Ⅲ）Case（25—27） 356
Chapter Ⅶ The Article（28—31） 358
Chapter Ⅸ The Pronoun（Ⅰ）Personal Pronouns——Relative Pronouns（32—36） 363
Chapter Ⅹ The Pronoun（Ⅱ）Indefinite Pronouns（37—40） 367
Chapter Ⅺ The Numeral（41—44） 370
Chapter ⅩⅡ The Verb（Ⅰ）Classification and Basic Forms（45—48） 372
Chapter ⅩⅢ The Verb（Ⅱ）Tense and Aspect（49—55） 377
Chapter ⅩⅣ The Verb（Ⅲ）Lexical Aspect（56—57） 386
Chapter ⅩⅤ The Verb（Ⅳ）Voice（58—61） 388
Chapter ⅩⅥ The Verb（Ⅴ）Transformational Relation Between Intransitives and Transitives（62—64） 391
Chapter ⅩⅦ The Verb（Ⅵ）Mood（65—67） 394
Chapter ⅩⅧ The Verb（Ⅶ）Primary Auxiliaries（68—69） 397
Chapter ⅩⅨ The Verb（Ⅷ）Modal Auxiliares（70—72） 399
Chapter Ⅰ（1—4） 402
［Ⅱ］Key 402
Chapter Ⅱ（5—8） 406
Chapter Ⅲ（9—11） 410
Chapter Ⅳ（12—15） 413
Chapter Ⅴ（16—20） 416
Chapter Ⅵ（21—24） 418
Chapter Ⅶ（25—27） 422
Chapter Ⅷ（28—31） 424
Chapter Ⅸ（32—36） 427
Chapter Ⅹ（37—40） 430
Chapter Ⅺ（41—44） 432
Chapter ⅩⅡ（45—48） 436
Chapter ⅩⅢ（49—55） 438
Chapter ⅩⅣ（56—57） 443
Chapter ⅩⅤ（58—61） 445
Chapter ⅩⅥ（62—64） 448
Chapter ⅩⅦ（65—67） 449
Chapter ⅩⅧ（68—69） 451
Chapter ⅩⅨ（70一72） 453