Chapter 1
Language,Linguistics and Lexicology 1
1-1-1：A Definition of Language 1
Contents 1
Chapter 2
1-1-2：Language,Society and Thought 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
1-2-1：A Definition of Linguistics 5
1-2-2：The Scope of Linguistics 5
Chapter 5
1-3-1：What Is Lexicology? 6
1-3-2：Aims and Significance of the Course 6
Chapter 6
of English Lexicology 6
1-3-3：The Connection of Lexicology with 7
Chapter 7
1．With phonetics 7
Other Branches of Linguistics 7
Chapter 8
3．With stylistics 8
2．With grammar 8
English Lexicology 9
4．With historical linguistics 9
1-3-4：Two Approaches to the Study of 9
English Language in the Indo-European 12
Family 12
2-1-1：The English People and the English 12
Language 12
The Sources of the English Vocabulary 12
2-1-2：The Position and Character of the 12
English Language 13
2-1-3：The Divisions of the History of the 13
2-1-4：Some Characteristics of Old English 14
2-1-5：Some Characteristics of Middle English 17
2-1-6：Some Characteristics of Modern En- 19
glish 19
2-2-1：Words of Native Origin 23
2-2-2：Borrowed words in the English Voca- 26
bulary 26
1．Causes and means of borrowings 27
into English 27
2．Four groups of loan-words 28
glish Vocabulary 31
2-3-2：The Scandinavian Element in the En- 31
Vocabulary 31
2-3-1：The Foreign Elements in the English 31
2-3-3：The French Element in the English 34
Vocabulary 34
1．French loan-words in the Middle 36
English period 36
2．French loan-words after the Mid- 38
dle English period 38
2-3-4：The Latin Element in the English 39
Vocabulary 39
1．The zero period of Latin influence 39
2．The first period of Latin influence 40
3．The second period of Latin influ- 41
ence 41
4．The third period of Latin influence 42
5．The fourth period of Latin influ- 42
ence 42
Vocabulary 44
3．Words relating to hatural sciences 44
4．Words relating to social sciences 44
1．Words relating to literature 44
2-3-5：The Greek Element in the English 44
2．Words relating to linguistics 44
ments upon the English Vocabulary 45
2-3-6：The Influence of the Classical Ele- 45
5．Words relating to medicine 45
ments in the English vocabulary 46
classical elements 46
1．The preciseness of meaning of the 46
2．The richness of the classical ele- 46
3．The cosmopolitan character of the 47
classical elements 47
2-3-7：Other Foreign Elements in the English 48
Vocabulary 48
Foreign Elements in the English 50
2-3-8：Interrelation between the Native and 50
Vocabulary 50
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations 53
3-1-1：Some General Remarks on Semantics 53
and Meaning 53
and the Object 57
3-1-2：The Relationship between Meaning 57
3-2-1：What Is a Word? 58
3-2-2：Meaning and Motivation 60
1．Phonetic motivation 61
2．Grammatical motivation 61
3．Motivation by meaning 62
and grammatical function of words 62
3-3-1：Classifications of Words 62
1．According to the lexical meaning 62
2．According to the usage of words 63
3．According to the character of 65
words 65
4．According to motivation 65
6．According to the origin 66
monosemy 66
5．According to polysemy and 66
3．Contextual meaning 67
1．Grammatical meaning 67
3-3-2：Main Types of Word Meaning 67
2．Lexical meaning 67
4．Denotational meaning 68
5．Connotative meaning 69
6．Stylistic meaning 69
non-linguistic 72
3-3-3：Word Meaning and Context 72
Two types of context:linguistic and 72
3-4-4：Synonyms 76
1．What are synonyms? 76
2．The scurces of synonyms 77
3．The significance of studying 79
synonyms 79
4．Absolute synonyms and relative 80
synonyms 80
1．What are antonyms? 84
3-4-2：Antonyms 84
2．Types of antonyms 85
3．Different antonyms for one word 88
4．Use of antonyms 89
shift 91
2．Two main processes of sense- 91
1．The definition of polysemy 91
3-4-3：Polysemy and Homonymy 91
homonyms 95
3．The definition of homonymy and 95
4．Classification of homonyms 95
5．Three ways of forming homonyms 99
The Changing English Vocabulary 103
4-1-1：Neologisms 103
1．The definition of neologisms 103
2．The rate of changes of the English 104
vocabulary 104
3．The sources of new words 104
4．The formation of neologisms 120
4-1-2：Archaisms 128
1．The definition of archaisms 128
of words 128
2．The reasons for the disappearance 128
3．Obsolete words used at the present 129
time 129
4-2-1：Changes in Meaning 133
1．Historical causes 133
3．Psychological causes 134
2．Social causes 134
4．Linguistic causes 135
4-2-2：Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes 135
1．Extension of meaning（generaliza- 136
tion） 136
2．Narrowing of meaning（specializa- 142
tion） 142
3．Elevation of meaning（amelioration） 146
4．Degradation of meaning（deteriora- 147
tion） 147
1．Metaphor 150
Use 150
4-2-3：Semantic Changes from the Literal 150
Use of Words to Their Figurative 150
2．Metonymy 161
3．Synecdoche 166
4．Euphemism 167
sification of words 173
1．Morphological structure and clas- 173
Word-fomation in English 173
5-1-1：Introduction 173
2．Two types of morphemes 174
3．Three types of words 176
4．Root,base,stem 177
formation 185
5-2-1：The Main Processes of English Word- 185
1．Affixation 186
2．Conversion 243
3．Compounding 259
glish 270
1．Clipping or shortening 270
5-2-2：Other Ways of Word-building in.En- 270
2．Acronyms 272
3．Blending 276
4．Back-formation 278
5．Forming new words by analogy 280
6．Onomatopoeia 281
English Idioms 284
6-1-1：The Definition of Idioms 284
6-1-2：The Significance of Studying English 285
Idioms 285
6-1-3：The Features of English Idioms 286
6-1-4：English Idioms in Different Styles 290
1．Idioms used in colloquial style 290
2．Idioms used in any situation 292
3．Idioms used in formal situation 292
4．Idioms used as slang 293
6-2-1：Classification of English Idioms 294
6-1-5：The Differences between Idiomatic and 294
Free phrases 294
1．Idiomatic expressions with speci- 295
fic grammtical structure 295
parts of speech 298
2．Phrases identified with the familiar 298
3．Idioms not correlative with a given 311
grammatical part of speech 311
4．Idioms expressing greeting,surprise, 315
praiso,or critisism 315
5．Proverbs 316
6-2-2：English Idioms around Different Sub- 320
jects 320
1．Idioms containing names of birds 320
and animals 320
of the human body 321
2．Idioms containing names of parts 321
3．Idioms involving colors 324
to clothes 325
4．Idioms containing words related 325
5．Idioms involving time 326
6．Idioms involving flowers and plants 327
7．Idioms containing words related 329
to fruit 329
8．Idioms containing words related 330
to shapes and measures 330
British and American English 332
7-1-1：English as a Language of World－wide 332
Use 332
7-1-2：British and American English 334
7-1-3：The Historical Background of American 338
English 338
7-2-1：Differences between British and American 340
English 340
7-2-2：Differences in Individual Sounds 341
7-2-3：Differences in Stress 343
7-2-4：Differences in Spelling 344
7-2-5：Differences in Vocabulary 346
7-2-6：Differences in Grammar 359
7-3-1：Two Contrasting Word-lists 364
7-3-2：British and American English in the 379
Future 379
English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 380
8-1-1：What Is a Dictionary? 380
8-1-2：Characteristics of Dictionaries （ 382
8-2-1：Types of Dictionaries 383
8-2-2：Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual 384
Dictionaries 384
8-2-3：General and Special Dictionaries 385
8-2-4：Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged 387
Dictionaries 387
8-2-5：Synchronic and Diachronic 387
Dictionaries 387
8-2-6：Encyclopaedias and Encyclopedic 388
Dictionaries 388
8-3-1：The History of English Dictionaries 390
8-3-2：Five Periods in the History of English 392
Dictionaries 392
8-4-1：How to Use English Dictionaries 394
Bibliography 403