英语词汇学引论PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1

Language,Linguistics and Lexicology 1

1-1-1：A Definition of Language 1

Contents 1

Chapter 2

1-1-2：Language,Society and Thought 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

1-2-1：A Definition of Linguistics 5

1-2-2：The Scope of Linguistics 5

Chapter 5

1-3-1：What Is Lexicology? 6

1-3-2：Aims and Significance of the Course 6

Chapter 6

of English Lexicology 6

1-3-3：The Connection of Lexicology with 7

Chapter 7

1．With phonetics 7

Other Branches of Linguistics 7

Chapter 8

3．With stylistics 8

2．With grammar 8

English Lexicology 9

4．With historical linguistics 9

1-3-4：Two Approaches to the Study of 9

English Language in the Indo-European 12

Family 12

2-1-1：The English People and the English 12

Language 12

The Sources of the English Vocabulary 12

2-1-2：The Position and Character of the 12

English Language 13

2-1-3：The Divisions of the History of the 13

2-1-4：Some Characteristics of Old English 14

2-1-5：Some Characteristics of Middle English 17

2-1-6：Some Characteristics of Modern En- 19

glish 19

2-2-1：Words of Native Origin 23

2-2-2：Borrowed words in the English Voca- 26

bulary 26

1．Causes and means of borrowings 27

into English 27

2．Four groups of loan-words 28

glish Vocabulary 31

2-3-2：The Scandinavian Element in the En- 31

Vocabulary 31

2-3-1：The Foreign Elements in the English 31

2-3-3：The French Element in the English 34

Vocabulary 34

1．French loan-words in the Middle 36

English period 36

2．French loan-words after the Mid- 38

dle English period 38

2-3-4：The Latin Element in the English 39

Vocabulary 39

1．The zero period of Latin influence 39

2．The first period of Latin influence 40

3．The second period of Latin influ- 41

ence 41

4．The third period of Latin influence 42

5．The fourth period of Latin influ- 42

ence 42

Vocabulary 44

3．Words relating to hatural sciences 44

4．Words relating to social sciences 44

1．Words relating to literature 44

2-3-5：The Greek Element in the English 44

2．Words relating to linguistics 44

ments upon the English Vocabulary 45

2-3-6：The Influence of the Classical Ele- 45

5．Words relating to medicine 45

ments in the English vocabulary 46

classical elements 46

1．The preciseness of meaning of the 46

2．The richness of the classical ele- 46

3．The cosmopolitan character of the 47

classical elements 47

2-3-7：Other Foreign Elements in the English 48

Vocabulary 48

Foreign Elements in the English 50

2-3-8：Interrelation between the Native and 50

Vocabulary 50

Word Meaning and Semantic Relations 53

3-1-1：Some General Remarks on Semantics 53

and Meaning 53

and the Object 57

3-1-2：The Relationship between Meaning 57

3-2-1：What Is a Word? 58

3-2-2：Meaning and Motivation 60

1．Phonetic motivation 61

2．Grammatical motivation 61

3．Motivation by meaning 62

and grammatical function of words 62

3-3-1：Classifications of Words 62

1．According to the lexical meaning 62

2．According to the usage of words 63

3．According to the character of 65

words 65

4．According to motivation 65

6．According to the origin 66

monosemy 66

5．According to polysemy and 66

3．Contextual meaning 67

1．Grammatical meaning 67

3-3-2：Main Types of Word Meaning 67

2．Lexical meaning 67

4．Denotational meaning 68

5．Connotative meaning 69

6．Stylistic meaning 69

non-linguistic 72

3-3-3：Word Meaning and Context 72

Two types of context:linguistic and 72

3-4-4：Synonyms 76

1．What are synonyms? 76

2．The scurces of synonyms 77

3．The significance of studying 79

synonyms 79

4．Absolute synonyms and relative 80

synonyms 80

1．What are antonyms? 84

3-4-2：Antonyms 84

2．Types of antonyms 85

3．Different antonyms for one word 88

4．Use of antonyms 89

shift 91

2．Two main processes of sense- 91

1．The definition of polysemy 91

3-4-3：Polysemy and Homonymy 91

homonyms 95

3．The definition of homonymy and 95

4．Classification of homonyms 95

5．Three ways of forming homonyms 99

The Changing English Vocabulary 103

4-1-1：Neologisms 103

1．The definition of neologisms 103

2．The rate of changes of the English 104

vocabulary 104

3．The sources of new words 104

4．The formation of neologisms 120

4-1-2：Archaisms 128

1．The definition of archaisms 128

of words 128

2．The reasons for the disappearance 128

3．Obsolete words used at the present 129

time 129

4-2-1：Changes in Meaning 133

1．Historical causes 133

3．Psychological causes 134

2．Social causes 134

4．Linguistic causes 135

4-2-2：Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes 135

1．Extension of meaning（generaliza- 136

tion） 136

2．Narrowing of meaning（specializa- 142

tion） 142

3．Elevation of meaning（amelioration） 146

4．Degradation of meaning（deteriora- 147

tion） 147

1．Metaphor 150

Use 150

4-2-3：Semantic Changes from the Literal 150

Use of Words to Their Figurative 150

2．Metonymy 161

3．Synecdoche 166

4．Euphemism 167

sification of words 173

1．Morphological structure and clas- 173

Word-fomation in English 173

5-1-1：Introduction 173

2．Two types of morphemes 174

3．Three types of words 176

4．Root,base,stem 177

formation 185

5-2-1：The Main Processes of English Word- 185

1．Affixation 186

2．Conversion 243

3．Compounding 259

glish 270

1．Clipping or shortening 270

5-2-2：Other Ways of Word-building in.En- 270

2．Acronyms 272

3．Blending 276

4．Back-formation 278

5．Forming new words by analogy 280

6．Onomatopoeia 281

English Idioms 284

6-1-1：The Definition of Idioms 284

6-1-2：The Significance of Studying English 285

Idioms 285

6-1-3：The Features of English Idioms 286

6-1-4：English Idioms in Different Styles 290

1．Idioms used in colloquial style 290

2．Idioms used in any situation 292

3．Idioms used in formal situation 292

4．Idioms used as slang 293

6-2-1：Classification of English Idioms 294

6-1-5：The Differences between Idiomatic and 294

Free phrases 294

1．Idiomatic expressions with speci- 295

fic grammtical structure 295

parts of speech 298

2．Phrases identified with the familiar 298

3．Idioms not correlative with a given 311

grammatical part of speech 311

4．Idioms expressing greeting,surprise, 315

praiso,or critisism 315

5．Proverbs 316

6-2-2：English Idioms around Different Sub- 320

jects 320

1．Idioms containing names of birds 320

and animals 320

of the human body 321

2．Idioms containing names of parts 321

3．Idioms involving colors 324

to clothes 325

4．Idioms containing words related 325

5．Idioms involving time 326

6．Idioms involving flowers and plants 327

7．Idioms containing words related 329

to fruit 329

8．Idioms containing words related 330

to shapes and measures 330

British and American English 332

7-1-1：English as a Language of World－wide 332

Use 332

7-1-2：British and American English 334

7-1-3：The Historical Background of American 338

English 338

7-2-1：Differences between British and American 340

English 340

7-2-2：Differences in Individual Sounds 341

7-2-3：Differences in Stress 343

7-2-4：Differences in Spelling 344

7-2-5：Differences in Vocabulary 346

7-2-6：Differences in Grammar 359

7-3-1：Two Contrasting Word-lists 364

7-3-2：British and American English in the 379

Future 379

English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 380

8-1-1：What Is a Dictionary? 380

8-1-2：Characteristics of Dictionaries （ 382

8-2-1：Types of Dictionaries 383

8-2-2：Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual 384

Dictionaries 384

8-2-3：General and Special Dictionaries 385

8-2-4：Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged 387

Dictionaries 387

8-2-5：Synchronic and Diachronic 387

Dictionaries 387

8-2-6：Encyclopaedias and Encyclopedic 388

Dictionaries 388

8-3-1：The History of English Dictionaries 390

8-3-2：Five Periods in the History of English 392

Dictionaries 392

8-4-1：How to Use English Dictionaries 394

Bibliography 403