Introduction 1
0.1 Development of Grammars 1
0.2 Types of Grammar 15
0.3 Grammar in Relation to Other Levels of Linguistic Structure 28
Chapter 1．Some Basic Concepts 37
1.1 Linguistic Prescription 38
1.2 Problems of Linguistic Prescription 39
1.3 Prescription and Description in Conflict 41
1.4 Synthesis 42
Chapter 2．Traditional Grammar 45
2.1 Survey of Traditional Grammar 45
2.2 Key Concepts of Traditional Grammar 47
Chapter 3．Transformational-Generative Grammar 81
3.1 Generative Grammar 81
3.2 Transformational grammar 83
Chapter 4．Systemic Functional Grammar 93
4.1 Why is it Called Systemic Functional Linguistics? 94
4.2 Register 96
4.3 Individual Text and Language Systems 98
4.4 Everyday and Academic Language 99
Chapter 5．The Clause in English 103
5.1 Form and Function of the Clause in English 108
5.2 Subject 112
5.3 Verb 114
5.4 Direct Object 115
5.5 Indirect Object 116
5.6 Object Complement 117
5.7 The Subject Complement 118
5.8 The Adverbial and Adverbial Complement 119
5.9 Grammatical Ambiguity 121
Chapter 6．The Phrase in English 123
6.1 The Noun Phrase 123
6.2 The Verb Phrase 126
6.3 The Adjective Phrase 133
6.4 The Adverb Phrase 134
6.5 The Prepositional Phrase 135
Chapter 7．The Structure of Words and Word Classes in English 137
7.1 The Structure of Words 138
7.2 Word Classes 141
Chapter 8．Coordination and Subordination 149
8.1 On the Concept of Clause and Sentence 154
8.2 Forms of the Subordinate Clause 160
8.3 Functions of the Subordinate Clause 163
Chapter 9．The Grammatical Foundations of Style 167
9.1 Metafunction 167
9.2 Grammar around and beyond the Clause 175
9.3 Grammatical Metaphor 178
Chapter 10．Functional Re-evaluation of Grammatical Forms in Context 180
10.1 Potential Polysemy in Grammar 180
10.2 Synonymy in Grammar 188
10.3 Grammatical Doublets 195
Chapter 11．Pedagogic Grammar and Second Language Acquisition 201
11.1 Language Teaching Methodology and Grammar Instruction 204
11.2 Second Language Acquisition Theories and Teachability of Grammar 205
11.3 Role of Explicit Grammar Instruction 211
11.4 Target Structures of Explicit GrammarInstruction 212
11.5 Considerations in Grammar Books from the Learner's Viewpoint 214
11.6 Design of a Pedagogic Grammar 216
Bibliography 220