Part 1 Basic Drawing and Design 1
Chapter 1 Engineering Graphics as a Language 2
1-1 The Language of Industry 2
Drawing Standards 3
1-2 Careers in Engineering Graphics 3
The Student 3
Places of Employment 5
Training,Qualifications,and Advancement 5
Employment Outlook 6
1-3 The Drafting Office 6
1-4 Board Drafting 7
Drafting Furniture 7
Drafting Equipment 7
Review and Assignments 16
Chapter 2 Computer-Aided Drawing(CAD) 19
2-1 Overview 19
2-2 Components of a CAD System 20
Hardware 20
Software 25
2-3 Communication Environment 28
Local Area Networks(LANs) 28
Wide Area Networks(WANs) and the World Wide Web(WWW) 29
Cooperative Work Environments 29
2-4 Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM) 30
Computer Numerical Control 30
Robotics 30
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing(CIM) 30
Review and Assignments 32
Chapter 3 Drawing Media,Filing,Storage,and Reproduction 34
3-1 Drawing Media and Format 34
Drawing Media 34
Standard Drawing Sizes 34
Drawing Format 35
3-2 Filing and Storage 38
Filing Systems 38
CAD 40
3-3 Drawing Reproduction 41
Reproduction Equipment 41
Computer-Aided Drawing 45
Review and Assignments 47
Chapter 4 Basic Drafting Skills 48
4-1 Straight Line Work,Lettering,and Erasing 48
Manual Drafting 48
CAD 54
Coordinate Input 54
4-2 Circles and Arcs 56
Center Lines 56
CAD 56
Drawing Circles and Arcs 56
CAD 56
4-3 Drawing Irregular Curves 58
CAD 58
4-4 Sketching 59
Sketching Paper 59
Basic Steps to Follow When Sketching 62
Computer-Aided Drawing 63
Review and Assignments 66
Chapter 5 Applied Geometry 78
5-1 Beginning Geometry:Straight Lines 78
5-2 Arcs and Circles 81
5-3 Polygons 83
5-4 Ellipse 84
5-5 Helix and Parabola 85
Helix 85
Parabola 86
Computer-Aided Drawing 87
Review and Assignments 91
Chapter 6 Theory of Shape Description 98
6-1 Orthographic Representations 98
Theory of Shape Description 98
Orthographic Representations 98
Methods of Representation 99
CAD Coordinate Input for Orthographic Representation 102
6-2 Arrangement and Construction of Views 104
Spacing the Views 104
Use of a Miter Line 105
CAD 106
6-3 All Surfaces Parallel and All Edges and Lines Visible 106
6-4 Hidden Surfaces and Edges 107
CAD 108
6-5 Inclined Surfaces 108
6-6 Circular Features 109
Center Lines 109
6-7 Oblique Surfaces 110
6-8 One- and Two-View Drawings 111
View Selection 111
One-View Drawings 111
Two-View Drawings 111
6-9 Special Views 111
Partial Views 111
Rear Views and Enlarged Views 112
6-10 Conventional Representation of Common Features 113
Repetitive Details 113
Repetitive Parts 114
Square Sections 114
6-11 Conventional Breaks 114
6-12 Materials of Construction 114
Transparent Materials 115
6-13 Cylindrical Intersections 115
6-14 Foreshortened Projection 116
Holes Revolved to Show True Distance from Center 116
6-15 Intersections of Unfinished Surfaces 116
Computer-Aided Drawing 118
Review and Assignments 121
Chapter 7 Auxiliary Views and Revolutions 148
7-1 Primary Auxiliary Views 148
Dimensioning Auxiliary Views 150
7-2 Circular Features in Auxiliary Projection 151
7-3 Multi-Auxiliary-View Drawings 152
7-4 Secondary Auxiliary Views 153
7-5 Revolutions 156
Reference Planes 156
Revolutions 156
The Rule of Revolution 158
True Shape of an Oblique Surface Found by Successive Revolutions 158
Auxiliary Views and Revolved Views 159
True Length of a Line 160
7-6 Locating Points and Lines in Space 161
Points in Space 161
Lines in Space 161
True Length of an Oblique Line by Auxiliary View Projection 162
Point on a Line 162
Point-on-Point View of a Line 164
7-7 Planes in Space 164
Locating a Line in a Plane 164
Locating a Point on a Plane 165
Locating the Piercing Point of a Line and a Plane-Cutting-Plane Method 165
Locating the Piercing Point of a Line and a Plane-Auxiliary View Method 166
7-8 Establishing Visibility of Lines in Space 168
Visibility of Oblique Lines by Testing 168
Visibility of Lines and Surfaces by Testing 169
Visibility of Lines and Surfaces by Observation 169
7-9 Distances between Lines and Points 170
Distance from a Point to a Line 170
Shortest ODistance between Two Oblique Lines 170
7-10 Edge and True View of Planes 173
Planes in Combination 174
7-11 Angles between Lines and Planes 176
The Angle a Line Makes with a Plane 176
Edge Lines of Two Planes 177
Computer-Aided Drawing 179
Review and Assignments 181
Chapter 8 Basic Dimensioning 195
8-1 Basic Dimensioning 195
Dimensioning 195
Units of Measurement 199
Dual Dimensioning 200
Angular Units 200
Reading Direction 201
Basic Rules for Dimensioning 201
Symmetrical Outlines 202
Reference Dimensions 202
Not-to-Scale Dimensions 202
Operational Names 202
Abbreviations 202
8-2 Dimensioning Circular Features 203
Diameters 203
Radii 204
8-3 Dimensioning Common Features 207
Repetitive Features and Dimensions 207
Chamfers 207
Slopes and Tapers 208
Knurls 209
Formed Parts 209
Undercuts 210
Limited Lengths and Areas 210
Wire,Sheet Metal,and Drill Rod 210
8-4 Dimensioning Methods 210
Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning 211
Polar Coordinate Dimensioning 211
Chordal Dimensioning 211
True-Position Dimensioning 211
Chain Dimensioning 211
Datum or Common-Point Dimensioning 213
8-5 Limits and Tolerances 213
Key Concepts 214
Tolerancing 215
Additional Rules for Dimensioning 218
8-6 Fits and Allowances 219
Fits 219
Allowance 219
Description of Fits 220
Interchangeability of Parts 220
Standard Inch Fits 220
Basic Hole System 222
Basic Shaft System 223
Preferred Metric Limits and Fits 223
8-7 Surface Texture 226
Surface Texture Characteristics 227
Surface Texture Symbol 227
Application 231
Machined Surfaces 231
Computer-Aided Drawing 234
Review and Assignments 237
Chapter 9 Sections 256
9-1 Sectional Views 256
Cutting-Plane Lines 256
Full Sections 257
Section Lining 258
9-2 Two or More Sectional Views on One Drawing 259
9-3 Half-Sections 260
9-4 Threads in Section 261
Threaded Assemblies 261
9-5 Assemblies in Section 262
Section Lining on Assembly Drawings 262
9-6 Offset Sections 263
9-7 Ribs,Holes,and Lugs in Section 265
Ribs in Sections 265
Holes in Sections 266
Lugs in Section 266
9-8 Revolved and Removed Sections 266
Placement of Sectional Views 267
9-9 Spokes and Arms in Section 268
9-10 Partial or Broken-Out Sections 268
9-11 Phantom or Hidden Sections 269
9-12 Sectional Drawing Review 269
Computer-Aided Drawing 270
Review and Assignments 272
Part 2 Fasteners,Materials,and Forming Processes 292
Chapter 10 Threaded Fasteners 294
10-1 Simplified Thread Representation 294
Screw Threads 295
Thread Forms 295
Thread Representation 295
Right-and Left-Hand Threads 296
Single and Multiple Threads 296
Simplified Thread Representation 297
Threaded Assemblies 297
Inch Threads 297
Metric Threads 298
Pipe Threads 300
10-2 Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation 301
Detailed Thread Representation 301
Schematic Thread Representation 302
10-3 Common Threaded Fasteners 303
Fastener Selection 303
Fastener Definitions 303
The Change to Metric Fasteners 304
Fastener Configuration 304
Property Classes of Fasteners 305
Drawing a Bolt and Nut 306
Studs 307
Washers 307
Terms Related to Threaded Fasteners 308
Specifying Fasteners 308
10-4 Special Fasteners 309
Setscrews 309
Keeping Fasteners Tight 310
Locknuts 310
Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts 312
Inserts 312
Sealing Fasteners 312
10-5 Fasteners for Light-Gage Metal,Plastic,and Wood 313
Tapping Screws 313
Special Tapping Screws 315
Computer-Aided Drawing 317
Review and Assignments 319
Chapter 11 Miscellaneous Types of Fasteners 329
11-1 Keys,Splines,and Serrations 329
Keys 329
Splines and Serrations 330
11-2 Pin Fasteners 332
Semipermanent Pins 333
Quick-Release Pins 335
11-3 Retaining Rings 336
Stamped Retaining Rings 336
Wire-Formed Retaining Rings 337
Spiral-Wound Retaining Rings 337
11-4 Springs 337
Types of Springs 337
Spring Drawings 339
Spring Clips 339
11-5 Rivets 341
Standard Rivets 341
Large Rivets 341
Rivets for Aerospace Equipment 341
Small Rivets 342
Blind Rivets 345
11-6 Welded Fasteners 347
Resistance-Welded Fasteners 347
Arc-Welded Studs 347
11-7 Adhesive Fastenings 349
Adhesion versus Stress 349
Joint Design 350
11-8 Fastener Review for Chapters 10 and 11 351
Review and Assignments 352
Chapter 12 Manufacturing Materials 365
12-1 Cast Irons and Ferrous Metals 365
Ferrous Metals 365
Cast Iron 365
12-2 Carbon Steel 367
Carbon and Low-Alloy Cast Steels 367
High-Alloy Cast Steels 367
Carbon Steels 367
Steel Specification 367
SAE and AISI-Systems of Steel Identification 369
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 372
Low-and Medium-Alloy Steels 372
Stainless Steels 372
Free-Machining Steels 372
12-3 Nonferrous Metals 373
Manufacturing with Metals 373
Aluminum 373
Copper 373
Nickel 374
Magnesium 374
Zinc 374
Titanium 374
Beryllium 374
Refractory Metals 375
Precious Metals 375
12-4 Plastics 375
Thermoplastics 376
Thermosetting Plastics 376
Machining 376
Material Selection 376
Forming Processes 376
12-5 Rubber 381
Material and Characteristics 381
Kinds of Rubber 381
Assembly Methods 381
Design Considerations 381
Review and Assignments 383
Chapter 13 Forming Processes 388
13-1 Metal Castings 388
Forming Processes 388
Casting Processes 388
Selection of Process 392
Design Considerations 393
Drafting Practices 395
Casting Datums 397
Machining Datums 398
13-2 Forgings 399
Closed-Die Forging 399
General Design Rules 400
Drafting Practices 402
13-3 Powder Metallurgy 404
Design Considerations 404
13-4 Plastic Molded Parts 404
Single Parts 404
Assemblies 407
Drawings 410
Review and Assignments 411
Part 3 Working Drawings and Design 420
Chapter 14 Detail and Assembly Drawings 422
14-1 Drawing Quality Assurance 422
Review Considerations 422
Drawing Considerations 423
Fabrication Considerations 424
Installation Considerations 424
14-2 Functional Drafting 424
Procedural Shortcuts 424
Reducing the Number of Drawings Required 426
Simplified Representations in Drawings 427
Reproduction Shortcuts 427
Photodrawings 427
14-3 Detail Drawings 429
Detail Drawing Requirements 429
Drawing Checklist 429
Qualifications of a Detailer 430
Manufacturing Methods 431
14-4 Multiple Detail Drawings 433
14-5 Drawing Revisions 433
14-6 Assembly Drawings 434
Design Assembly Drawings 435
lnstallation Assembly Drawings 435
Assembly Drawings for Catalogs 435
Item List 435
14-7 Exploded Assembly Drawings 437
14-8 Detail Assembly Drawings 437
14-9 Subassembly Drawings 440
Computer-Aided Drawing 441
Review and Assignments 442
Chapter 15 Pictorial Drawings 483
15-1 Pictorial Drawings 483
Axonometric Projection 483
Isometric Drawings 486
Nonisometric Lines 486
Dimensioning Isometric Drawings 486
Isometric Sketching 487
Basic Steps to Follow for Isometric Sketching(Fig.15-1-12) 488
CAD 488
15-2 Curved Surfaces in Isometric 490
Circles and Arcs in Isometric 490
Drawing Irregular Curves in Isometric 490
CAD 490
15-3 Common Features in Isometric 491
Isometric Sectioning 491
Fillets and Rounds 493
Threads 493
Break Lines 493
Isometric Assembly Drawings 493
15-4 Oblique Projection 493
Inclined Surfaces 494
Oblique Sketching 494
Basic Steps to Follow for Oblique Sketching(Fig.15-4-7) 496
Dimensioning Oblique Drawings 496
CAD 496
15-5 Common Features in Oblique 497
Circles and Arcs 497
Oblique Sectioning 498
Treatment of Conventional Features 498
CAD 499
15-6 Parallel,or One-Point,Perspective 501
Perspective Projection 501
Types of Perspective Drawings 502
Parallel,or One-Point,Perspective 502
Basic Steps to Follow for Parallel Perspective Sketching(Fig.15-6-9) 503
15-7 Angular,or Two-Point,Perspective 506
Angular-Perspective Sketching 507
Basic Steps to Follow for Angular-Perspective Sketching(Fig.15-7-10) 510
CAD 510
15-8 Solid Modeling 511
Wire-Frame Modeling 512
Surface Modeling 512
Solid Modeling 512
Image Generation 514
Data Extraction 514
Computer-Aided Drawing 517
Review and Assignments 521
Chapter 16 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 540
16-1 Modern Engineering Tolerancing 540
Basic Concepts 541
Size of Dimensions 541
Interpretation of Drawings and Dimensions 543
Assumed Datums 543
16-2 Geometric Tolerancing 547
Feature Control Frame 547
Placement of Feature Control Frame 547
Form Tolerances 548
Straightness 549
16-3 Flatness 552
Flatness of a Surface 552
Flatness per Unit Area 552
Two or More Flat Surfaces in One Plane 552
16-4 Straightness of a Feature of Size 553
Features of Size 553
Material Condition Symbols(Modifiers) 554
Applicability of RFS,MMC,and LMC 555
Straightness of a Feature of Size 557
16-5 Datums and the Three-Plane Concept 559
Datums 559
Datums for Geometric Tolerancing 559
Three-Plane System 561
Identification of Datums 562
16-6 Orientation Tolerancing of Flat Surfaces 565
Reference to a Datum 565
Angularity Tolerance 565
Perpendicularity Tolerance 565
Parallelism Tolerance 565
Examples of Orientation Tolerancing 565
Control in Two Directions 566
16-7 Datum Features Subject to Size Variation 567
Parts with Cylindrical Datum Features 567
RFS and MMC Applications 568
16-8 Orientation Tolerancing for Features of Size 572
Angularity Tolerance 572
Parallelism Tolerance 573
Perpendicularity Tolerance 573
Controlin Two Directions 573
Control on an MMC Basis 573
Internal Cylindrical Features 575
External Cylindrical Features 578
16-9 Positional Tolerancing 579
Tolerancing Methods 579
Coordinate Tolerancing 580
Positional Tolerancing 583
16-10 Projected Tolerance Zone 589
16-11 Datum Targets 591
Datum Target Symbol 592
Identification Targets 592
Targets Not in the Same Plane 593
Partial Surfaces as Datums 595
Dimensioning for Target Location 595
16-12 Circularity and Cylindricity 595
Circularity 595
Cylindricity 597
16-13 Profile Tolerancing 599
Profiles 599
Profile Symbols 599
Profile-of-a-Line Tolerance 599
Profile-of-a-Surface Tolerance 602
16-14 Correlative Tolerances 604
Coplanarity 604
Concentricity 605
Coaxiality 606
Symmetry 607
Runout 609
16-15 Positional Tolerancing for Noncylindrical Features 610
Noncircular Features at MMC 610
16-16 Positional Tolerancing for Multiple Patterns of Features 614
Composite Positional Tolerancing 614
16-17 Formulas for Positional Tolerancing 621
Floating Fasteners 621
Calculating Clearance 622
Fixed Fasteners 622
Unequal Tolerances and Hole Sizes 624
Coaxial Features 624
Perpendicularity Errors 625
16-18 Summary of Rules for Geometric Tolerancing 625
When to Use Geometric Tolerancing 625
Basic Rules 625
Computer-Aided Drawing 628
Review and Assignments 629