工程制图基础 第5版PDF电子书下载

Part 1 Basic Drawing and Design 1

Chapter 1 Engineering Graphics as a Language 2

1-1 The Language of Industry 2

Drawing Standards 3

1-2 Careers in Engineering Graphics 3

The Student 3

Places of Employment 5

Training,Qualifications,and Advancement 5

Employment Outlook 6

1-3 The Drafting Office 6

1-4 Board Drafting 7

Drafting Furniture 7

Drafting Equipment 7

Review and Assignments 16

Chapter 2 Computer-Aided Drawing(CAD) 19

2-1 Overview 19

2-2 Components of a CAD System 20

Hardware 20

Software 25

2-3 Communication Environment 28

Local Area Networks(LANs) 28

Wide Area Networks(WANs) and the World Wide Web(WWW) 29

Cooperative Work Environments 29

2-4 Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM) 30

Computer Numerical Control 30

Robotics 30

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing(CIM) 30

Review and Assignments 32

Chapter 3 Drawing Media,Filing,Storage,and Reproduction 34

3-1 Drawing Media and Format 34

Drawing Media 34

Standard Drawing Sizes 34

Drawing Format 35

3-2 Filing and Storage 38

Filing Systems 38

CAD 40

3-3 Drawing Reproduction 41

Reproduction Equipment 41

Computer-Aided Drawing 45

Review and Assignments 47

Chapter 4 Basic Drafting Skills 48

4-1 Straight Line Work,Lettering,and Erasing 48

Manual Drafting 48

CAD 54

Coordinate Input 54

4-2 Circles and Arcs 56

Center Lines 56

CAD 56

Drawing Circles and Arcs 56

CAD 56

4-3 Drawing Irregular Curves 58

CAD 58

4-4 Sketching 59

Sketching Paper 59

Basic Steps to Follow When Sketching 62

Computer-Aided Drawing 63

Review and Assignments 66

Chapter 5 Applied Geometry 78

5-1 Beginning Geometry:Straight Lines 78

5-2 Arcs and Circles 81

5-3 Polygons 83

5-4 Ellipse 84

5-5 Helix and Parabola 85

Helix 85

Parabola 86

Computer-Aided Drawing 87

Review and Assignments 91

Chapter 6 Theory of Shape Description 98

6-1 Orthographic Representations 98

Theory of Shape Description 98

Orthographic Representations 98

Methods of Representation 99

CAD Coordinate Input for Orthographic Representation 102

6-2 Arrangement and Construction of Views 104

Spacing the Views 104

Use of a Miter Line 105

CAD 106

6-3 All Surfaces Parallel and All Edges and Lines Visible 106

6-4 Hidden Surfaces and Edges 107

CAD 108

6-5 Inclined Surfaces 108

6-6 Circular Features 109

Center Lines 109

6-7 Oblique Surfaces 110

6-8 One- and Two-View Drawings 111

View Selection 111

One-View Drawings 111

Two-View Drawings 111

6-9 Special Views 111

Partial Views 111

Rear Views and Enlarged Views 112

6-10 Conventional Representation of Common Features 113

Repetitive Details 113

Repetitive Parts 114

Square Sections 114

6-11 Conventional Breaks 114

6-12 Materials of Construction 114

Transparent Materials 115

6-13 Cylindrical Intersections 115

6-14 Foreshortened Projection 116

Holes Revolved to Show True Distance from Center 116

6-15 Intersections of Unfinished Surfaces 116

Computer-Aided Drawing 118

Review and Assignments 121

Chapter 7 Auxiliary Views and Revolutions 148

7-1 Primary Auxiliary Views 148

Dimensioning Auxiliary Views 150

7-2 Circular Features in Auxiliary Projection 151

7-3 Multi-Auxiliary-View Drawings 152

7-4 Secondary Auxiliary Views 153

7-5 Revolutions 156

Reference Planes 156

Revolutions 156

The Rule of Revolution 158

True Shape of an Oblique Surface Found by Successive Revolutions 158

Auxiliary Views and Revolved Views 159

True Length of a Line 160

7-6 Locating Points and Lines in Space 161

Points in Space 161

Lines in Space 161

True Length of an Oblique Line by Auxiliary View Projection 162

Point on a Line 162

Point-on-Point View of a Line 164

7-7 Planes in Space 164

Locating a Line in a Plane 164

Locating a Point on a Plane 165

Locating the Piercing Point of a Line and a Plane-Cutting-Plane Method 165

Locating the Piercing Point of a Line and a Plane-Auxiliary View Method 166

7-8 Establishing Visibility of Lines in Space 168

Visibility of Oblique Lines by Testing 168

Visibility of Lines and Surfaces by Testing 169

Visibility of Lines and Surfaces by Observation 169

7-9 Distances between Lines and Points 170

Distance from a Point to a Line 170

Shortest ODistance between Two Oblique Lines 170

7-10 Edge and True View of Planes 173

Planes in Combination 174

7-11 Angles between Lines and Planes 176

The Angle a Line Makes with a Plane 176

Edge Lines of Two Planes 177

Computer-Aided Drawing 179

Review and Assignments 181

Chapter 8 Basic Dimensioning 195

8-1 Basic Dimensioning 195

Dimensioning 195

Units of Measurement 199

Dual Dimensioning 200

Angular Units 200

Reading Direction 201

Basic Rules for Dimensioning 201

Symmetrical Outlines 202

Reference Dimensions 202

Not-to-Scale Dimensions 202

Operational Names 202

Abbreviations 202

8-2 Dimensioning Circular Features 203

Diameters 203

Radii 204

8-3 Dimensioning Common Features 207

Repetitive Features and Dimensions 207

Chamfers 207

Slopes and Tapers 208

Knurls 209

Formed Parts 209

Undercuts 210

Limited Lengths and Areas 210

Wire,Sheet Metal,and Drill Rod 210

8-4 Dimensioning Methods 210

Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning 211

Polar Coordinate Dimensioning 211

Chordal Dimensioning 211

True-Position Dimensioning 211

Chain Dimensioning 211

Datum or Common-Point Dimensioning 213

8-5 Limits and Tolerances 213

Key Concepts 214

Tolerancing 215

Additional Rules for Dimensioning 218

8-6 Fits and Allowances 219

Fits 219

Allowance 219

Description of Fits 220

Interchangeability of Parts 220

Standard Inch Fits 220

Basic Hole System 222

Basic Shaft System 223

Preferred Metric Limits and Fits 223

8-7 Surface Texture 226

Surface Texture Characteristics 227

Surface Texture Symbol 227

Application 231

Machined Surfaces 231

Computer-Aided Drawing 234

Review and Assignments 237

Chapter 9 Sections 256

9-1 Sectional Views 256

Cutting-Plane Lines 256

Full Sections 257

Section Lining 258

9-2 Two or More Sectional Views on One Drawing 259

9-3 Half-Sections 260

9-4 Threads in Section 261

Threaded Assemblies 261

9-5 Assemblies in Section 262

Section Lining on Assembly Drawings 262

9-6 Offset Sections 263

9-7 Ribs,Holes,and Lugs in Section 265

Ribs in Sections 265

Holes in Sections 266

Lugs in Section 266

9-8 Revolved and Removed Sections 266

Placement of Sectional Views 267

9-9 Spokes and Arms in Section 268

9-10 Partial or Broken-Out Sections 268

9-11 Phantom or Hidden Sections 269

9-12 Sectional Drawing Review 269

Computer-Aided Drawing 270

Review and Assignments 272

Part 2 Fasteners,Materials,and Forming Processes 292

Chapter 10 Threaded Fasteners 294

10-1 Simplified Thread Representation 294

Screw Threads 295

Thread Forms 295

Thread Representation 295

Right-and Left-Hand Threads 296

Single and Multiple Threads 296

Simplified Thread Representation 297

Threaded Assemblies 297

Inch Threads 297

Metric Threads 298

Pipe Threads 300

10-2 Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation 301

Detailed Thread Representation 301

Schematic Thread Representation 302

10-3 Common Threaded Fasteners 303

Fastener Selection 303

Fastener Definitions 303

The Change to Metric Fasteners 304

Fastener Configuration 304

Property Classes of Fasteners 305

Drawing a Bolt and Nut 306

Studs 307

Washers 307

Terms Related to Threaded Fasteners 308

Specifying Fasteners 308

10-4 Special Fasteners 309

Setscrews 309

Keeping Fasteners Tight 310

Locknuts 310

Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts 312

Inserts 312

Sealing Fasteners 312

10-5 Fasteners for Light-Gage Metal,Plastic,and Wood 313

Tapping Screws 313

Special Tapping Screws 315

Computer-Aided Drawing 317

Review and Assignments 319

Chapter 11 Miscellaneous Types of Fasteners 329

11-1 Keys,Splines,and Serrations 329

Keys 329

Splines and Serrations 330

11-2 Pin Fasteners 332

Semipermanent Pins 333

Quick-Release Pins 335

11-3 Retaining Rings 336

Stamped Retaining Rings 336

Wire-Formed Retaining Rings 337

Spiral-Wound Retaining Rings 337

11-4 Springs 337

Types of Springs 337

Spring Drawings 339

Spring Clips 339

11-5 Rivets 341

Standard Rivets 341

Large Rivets 341

Rivets for Aerospace Equipment 341

Small Rivets 342

Blind Rivets 345

11-6 Welded Fasteners 347

Resistance-Welded Fasteners 347

Arc-Welded Studs 347

11-7 Adhesive Fastenings 349

Adhesion versus Stress 349

Joint Design 350

11-8 Fastener Review for Chapters 10 and 11 351

Review and Assignments 352

Chapter 12 Manufacturing Materials 365

12-1 Cast Irons and Ferrous Metals 365

Ferrous Metals 365

Cast Iron 365

12-2 Carbon Steel 367

Carbon and Low-Alloy Cast Steels 367

High-Alloy Cast Steels 367

Carbon Steels 367

Steel Specification 367

SAE and AISI-Systems of Steel Identification 369

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 372

Low-and Medium-Alloy Steels 372

Stainless Steels 372

Free-Machining Steels 372

12-3 Nonferrous Metals 373

Manufacturing with Metals 373

Aluminum 373

Copper 373

Nickel 374

Magnesium 374

Zinc 374

Titanium 374

Beryllium 374

Refractory Metals 375

Precious Metals 375

12-4 Plastics 375

Thermoplastics 376

Thermosetting Plastics 376

Machining 376

Material Selection 376

Forming Processes 376

12-5 Rubber 381

Material and Characteristics 381

Kinds of Rubber 381

Assembly Methods 381

Design Considerations 381

Review and Assignments 383

Chapter 13 Forming Processes 388

13-1 Metal Castings 388

Forming Processes 388

Casting Processes 388

Selection of Process 392

Design Considerations 393

Drafting Practices 395

Casting Datums 397

Machining Datums 398

13-2 Forgings 399

Closed-Die Forging 399

General Design Rules 400

Drafting Practices 402

13-3 Powder Metallurgy 404

Design Considerations 404

13-4 Plastic Molded Parts 404

Single Parts 404

Assemblies 407

Drawings 410

Review and Assignments 411

Part 3 Working Drawings and Design 420

Chapter 14 Detail and Assembly Drawings 422

14-1 Drawing Quality Assurance 422

Review Considerations 422

Drawing Considerations 423

Fabrication Considerations 424

Installation Considerations 424

14-2 Functional Drafting 424

Procedural Shortcuts 424

Reducing the Number of Drawings Required 426

Simplified Representations in Drawings 427

Reproduction Shortcuts 427

Photodrawings 427

14-3 Detail Drawings 429

Detail Drawing Requirements 429

Drawing Checklist 429

Qualifications of a Detailer 430

Manufacturing Methods 431

14-4 Multiple Detail Drawings 433

14-5 Drawing Revisions 433

14-6 Assembly Drawings 434

Design Assembly Drawings 435

lnstallation Assembly Drawings 435

Assembly Drawings for Catalogs 435

Item List 435

14-7 Exploded Assembly Drawings 437

14-8 Detail Assembly Drawings 437

14-9 Subassembly Drawings 440

Computer-Aided Drawing 441

Review and Assignments 442

Chapter 15 Pictorial Drawings 483

15-1 Pictorial Drawings 483

Axonometric Projection 483

Isometric Drawings 486

Nonisometric Lines 486

Dimensioning Isometric Drawings 486

Isometric Sketching 487

Basic Steps to Follow for Isometric Sketching(Fig.15-1-12) 488

CAD 488

15-2 Curved Surfaces in Isometric 490

Circles and Arcs in Isometric 490

Drawing Irregular Curves in Isometric 490

CAD 490

15-3 Common Features in Isometric 491

Isometric Sectioning 491

Fillets and Rounds 493

Threads 493

Break Lines 493

Isometric Assembly Drawings 493

15-4 Oblique Projection 493

Inclined Surfaces 494

Oblique Sketching 494

Basic Steps to Follow for Oblique Sketching(Fig.15-4-7) 496

Dimensioning Oblique Drawings 496

CAD 496

15-5 Common Features in Oblique 497

Circles and Arcs 497

Oblique Sectioning 498

Treatment of Conventional Features 498

CAD 499

15-6 Parallel,or One-Point,Perspective 501

Perspective Projection 501

Types of Perspective Drawings 502

Parallel,or One-Point,Perspective 502

Basic Steps to Follow for Parallel Perspective Sketching(Fig.15-6-9) 503

15-7 Angular,or Two-Point,Perspective 506

Angular-Perspective Sketching 507

Basic Steps to Follow for Angular-Perspective Sketching(Fig.15-7-10) 510

CAD 510

15-8 Solid Modeling 511

Wire-Frame Modeling 512

Surface Modeling 512

Solid Modeling 512

Image Generation 514

Data Extraction 514

Computer-Aided Drawing 517

Review and Assignments 521

Chapter 16 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 540

16-1 Modern Engineering Tolerancing 540

Basic Concepts 541

Size of Dimensions 541

Interpretation of Drawings and Dimensions 543

Assumed Datums 543

16-2 Geometric Tolerancing 547

Feature Control Frame 547

Placement of Feature Control Frame 547

Form Tolerances 548

Straightness 549

16-3 Flatness 552

Flatness of a Surface 552

Flatness per Unit Area 552

Two or More Flat Surfaces in One Plane 552

16-4 Straightness of a Feature of Size 553

Features of Size 553

Material Condition Symbols(Modifiers) 554

Applicability of RFS,MMC,and LMC 555

Straightness of a Feature of Size 557

16-5 Datums and the Three-Plane Concept 559

Datums 559

Datums for Geometric Tolerancing 559

Three-Plane System 561

Identification of Datums 562

16-6 Orientation Tolerancing of Flat Surfaces 565

Reference to a Datum 565

Angularity Tolerance 565

Perpendicularity Tolerance 565

Parallelism Tolerance 565

Examples of Orientation Tolerancing 565

Control in Two Directions 566

16-7 Datum Features Subject to Size Variation 567

Parts with Cylindrical Datum Features 567

RFS and MMC Applications 568

16-8 Orientation Tolerancing for Features of Size 572

Angularity Tolerance 572

Parallelism Tolerance 573

Perpendicularity Tolerance 573

Controlin Two Directions 573

Control on an MMC Basis 573

Internal Cylindrical Features 575

External Cylindrical Features 578

16-9 Positional Tolerancing 579

Tolerancing Methods 579

Coordinate Tolerancing 580

Positional Tolerancing 583

16-10 Projected Tolerance Zone 589

16-11 Datum Targets 591

Datum Target Symbol 592

Identification Targets 592

Targets Not in the Same Plane 593

Partial Surfaces as Datums 595

Dimensioning for Target Location 595

16-12 Circularity and Cylindricity 595

Circularity 595

Cylindricity 597

16-13 Profile Tolerancing 599

Profiles 599

Profile Symbols 599

Profile-of-a-Line Tolerance 599

Profile-of-a-Surface Tolerance 602

16-14 Correlative Tolerances 604

Coplanarity 604

Concentricity 605

Coaxiality 606

Symmetry 607

Runout 609

16-15 Positional Tolerancing for Noncylindrical Features 610

Noncircular Features at MMC 610

16-16 Positional Tolerancing for Multiple Patterns of Features 614

Composite Positional Tolerancing 614

16-17 Formulas for Positional Tolerancing 621

Floating Fasteners 621

Calculating Clearance 622

Fixed Fasteners 622

Unequal Tolerances and Hole Sizes 624

Coaxial Features 624

Perpendicularity Errors 625

16-18 Summary of Rules for Geometric Tolerancing 625

When to Use Geometric Tolerancing 625

Basic Rules 625

Computer-Aided Drawing 628

Review and Assignments 629