1 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior 1
Classification of Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids 1
Problems 27
References 27
2 Reservoir-Fluid Properties 29
Properties of Natural Gases 29
Behavior of Ideal Gases 30
Behavior of Real Gases 36
Effect of Nonhydrocarbon Components on the Z-Factor 44
Correction for High-Molecular Weight Gases 49
Direct Calculation of Compressibility Factors 54
Compressibility of Natural Gases 59
Gas Formation Volume Factor 65
Gas Viscosity 67
Methods of Calculating the Viscosity of Natural Gases 68
Properties of Crude Oil Systems 75
Methods of Calculating Viscosity of the Dead Oil 115
Methods of Calculating the Saturated Oil Viscosity 117
Methods of Calculating the Viscosity of the Undersaturated Oil 119
Properties of Reservoir Water 124
Problems 126
References 133
3 Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir Fluids 136
Composition of the Reservoir Fluid 137
Constant-Composition Expansion Tests 137
Differential Liberation(Vaporization)Test 149
Separator Tests 152
Extrapolation of Reservoir Fluid Data 164
Laboratory Analysis of Gas Condensate Systems 171
Problems 184
References 188
4 Fundamentals of Rock Properties 189
Porosity 190
Saturation 195
Wettability 199
Surface and Interfacial Tension 200
Capillary Pressure 203
Permeability 227
Rock Compressibility 254
Net Pay Thickness 260
Reservoir Heterogeneity 261
Areal Heterogeneity 274
Problems 281
References 286
5 Relative Permeability Concepts 288
Two-Phase Relative Permeability 289
Relative Permeability Ratio 308
Dynamic Pseudo-Relative Permeabilities 311
Normalization and Averaging Relative Permeability Data 313
Three-Phase Relative Permeability 320
Problems 329
References 330
6 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow 331
Types of Fluids 332
Flow Regimes 334
Reservoir Geometry 336
Number of Flowing Fluids in the Reservoir 339
Fluid Flow Equations 340
Steady-State Flow 342
Unsteady-State Flow 373
Constant-Terminal-Pressure Solution 384
Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution 384
Pseudosteady-State Flow 413
Principle of Superposition 442
Transient Well Testing 453
Problems 476
References 482
7 Oil Well Performance 484
Vertical Oil Well Performance 484
Horizontal Oil Well Performance 528
Problems 542
References 544
8 Gas Well Performance 546
Vertical Gas Well Performance 546
Horizontal Gas Well Performance 577
Problems 580
References 581
9 Gas and Water Coning 583
Coning 584
Coning in Vertical Wells 587
Breakthrough Time in Vertical Wells 620
After Breakthrough Performance 624
Coning in Horizontal Wells 629
Horizontal Well Breakthrough Time 638
Problems 646
References 648
10 Water Influx 650
Classification of Aquifers 651
Recognition of Natural Water Influx 654
Water Influx Models 655
Problems 728
References 731
11 Oil Recovery Mechanisms and the Material Balance Equation 733
Primary Recovery Mechanisms 734
The Material Balance Equation 752
Problems 806
References 809
12 Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance 810
Phase 1．Reservoir Performance Prediction Methods 811
Phase 2．Relating Reservoir Performance to Time 850
Problems 853
References 854
13 Gas Reservoirs 855
The Volumetric Method 856
The Material Balance Method 859
Material Balance Equation as a Straight Line 874
Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs 880
Problems 906
References 908
14 Principles of Waterflooding 909
Factors to Consider in Waterflooding 910
Optimum Time to Waterflood 915
Effect of Trapped Gas on Waterflood Recovery 917
Selection of Flooding Patterns 927
Overall Recovery Efficiency 932
Ⅰ．Displacement Efficiency 934
Ⅱ．Areal Sweep Efficiency 985
Ⅲ．Vertical Sweep Efficiency 1041
Methods of Predicting Recovery Performance for Layered Reservoirs 1058
Waterflood Surveillance 1069
Problems 1085
References 1094
15 Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria 1096
Vapor Pressure 1096
Equilibrium Ratios 1099
Flash Calculations 1103
Equilibrium Ratios for Real Solutions 1107
Equilibrium Ratios for the Plus Fraction 1120
Applications of the Equilibrium Ratio in Reservoir Engineering 1122
Equations of State 1154
Applications of the Equation of State in Petroleum Engineering 1194
Splitting and Lumping Schemes of the Plus-Fraction 1207
Problems 1225
References 1229
16 Analysis of Decline and Type Curves 1235
Decline-Curve Analysis 1235
Type-Curve Analysis 1264
Problems 1333
References 1335
Appendix 1338
Index 1351
About the Author 1360