INTRODUCTION China—From Empire to Nation 1
CHINA'S INTERNAL CONDITIONS 2
THE MANCHU GOVERNMENT 4
SUMMARY:A HUNDRED YEARS OF POLITICAL CHANGE 12
CHAPTER ONE The Opium War 18
CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS BEFORE THE OPIUM WAR 18
SINO-BRITISH NEGOTIATIONS BEFORE THE OPIUM WAR 24
LIN TSE-HSU'S SEVERE POLICY OF OPIUM PROHIBITION 38
THE PROGRESS AND RESULTS OF THE WAR 49
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OPIUM WAR 63
CHAPTER TWO The Taiping Rebellion 70
BACKGROUND OF THE TAIPING REBELLION 70
THE HEAVENLY KINODOM OF GREAT PEACE 79
THE RISE OF TSENG KUO-FAN AND HIS HUNAN ARMY 98
ELEVEN YEARS OF THE TAIPING KINGDOM 104
WHY THE TAIPINO FORCES FAILED AND THE HUNAN ARMY SUCCEEDED 117
FOREIGN INVASIONS,1856-1860 122
THE RISE TO POWER OF EMPRESS DOWAGER TZ'U-HSI 131
CHAPTER THREE The Period of Imitation of Western Methods 141
THE COURTS OF T'UNG-CHIH AND KUANG-HS？ 142
KEY MEN OF THE EMPIRE 148
THE IMITATION OF WESTERN METHODS 151
THE SINO-FRENCH WAR 173
THE NAVY YAMEN AND GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION 184
THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 189
CHAPTER FOUR The Reform Movement:The First Step 215
TWO REFORM LEADERS—SUN YAT-SEN AND K'ANG YU-WEI 215
REFORM BASED ON THE CLASSICS:THE INTERPRETATIONS BY K'ANC YU-WEI 222
THE HUNDRED DAYS'REFORM,1898 232
AFTERMATH OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT 240
CHAPTER FIVE The Reaction to the Reform Movement 244
ANALYSIS OF REACTIONARY FORCES 244
TWO YEARS OF REACTION,1898-1900 253
THE BOXER UPRISING 258
THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE REVOLUTIONARY PARTY AND THE EMPEROR PROTECTION SOCIETY 267
YUAN SHIH-K'AI AND THE PEIYANG MILITARY CLIQUE 274
CHAPTER SIX Revival of the Reform Movement 280
LIANG CH'I-CH'AO—A STAR OF THE PRESS 280
THE FERMENTATION OF NEW INTELLECTUAL FORCES 283
A SHOW OF REFORM BY THE MANCHU GOVERNMENT 289
THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND THE CRY FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 295
CHAPTER SEVEN The Struggle Between the Revolutionary and the Constitutional Movements 298
THE FOUNDATION OF CHUNG-KUO T'UNG-MENG HUI 298
REVOLUTIONISTS VERSUS CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHISTS 305
A SUGAR-COATED CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY:THE COVERT STRUGGLE BETWEEN MANCHUS AND CHINESE 310
ACTIVITIES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY 322
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1908 326
VICISSITUDES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PARTY 328
CHAPTER EIGHT Revolution versus Constitutional Movement,1908 to 1911 337
THE SUCCESSION OF HSUAN-T'UNG 337
CONCENTRATION OF POWER IN THE ROYAL FAMILY 344
DISILLUSIONMENT OVER CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS 346
FRUSTRATIONS OF ATTEMPTED REVOLUTION,1908-APRIL 1911 352
REACTION AGAINST NATIONALIZATION OF THE RAILROADS 358
CHAPTER NINE The Overthrow of the Manchu Government and the Establishment of the Republic of China 365
THE WUCHANG REVOLUTION AND THE RESPONSE OF ALL THE PROVINCES 365
THE REAPPOINTMENT OF YUAN SHIH-K'AI AND THE GRADUAL SURRENDER OF THE MANCHU COURT 371
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT AT NANKING 380
THE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS OF YUAN AND THE REVOLUTIONARIES 385
THE ABDICATION OF THE MANCHU EMPEROR 390
RE-ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT 399
THE PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION 406
CHAPTER TEN The Struggle Between the Kuomintang and the Peiyang Military Clique 409
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES 410
CABINET CHANGES AND THEIR RELATIONS TO POLITICAL PARTIES 416
SUNC'S MURDER AND THE GREAT LOAN STORM 425
THE FAILURE OF THE ANTI-YüAN ARMY 432
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE PARLIAMENT AND THE END OF THE“FIRST-CLASS CABINET” 439
CHAPTER ELEVEN Monarchical and Antimonarchical Movements 453
REVISION OF THE PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION 454
OPEN ACTIVITY OF THE MONARCHICAL MOVEMENT 460
THE UNITED ANTIMONARCHIST FRONT 475
THE DIPLOMATIC SITUATION 484
THE RISE OF THE NATIONAL PROTECTION ARMY 486
ABANDONMENT OF THE MONARCHICAL SYSTEM 495
THE SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN GOVERNMENTS 499
THE DEATH OF YUAN SHIH-K'AI 513
BY-PRODUCTS OF THE MONARCHICAL WAR 516
CHAPTER TWELVE Internal Dissension of the Peiyang Military Clique,and the War Lords in South China 524
THE STRIFE OVER THE OLD AND NEW CONSTITUTIONS 525
THE CONFUSION OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES AFTER THE RESTORATION OF THE PARLIAMENT 533
THE DISMISSAL OF TUAN AND DISSOLUTION OF THE PARLIAMENT 548
CHANG HSUN'S RESTORATION OF THE MANCHU EMPEROR 552
THE SEPARATION OF NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA 557
THE STRIFE BETWEEN FENG AND TUAN IN THE NORTH 564
REORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN THE SOUTH 574
THE PEACE CONFERENCE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA 579
THE OVERTHROW OF TUAN'S CLIQUE 589
DISSOLUTION OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN SOUTH CHINA 593
CHAPTER THIRTEEN A Federal Government Movement and Melee Among the War Lords 598
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MOVEMENT 599
THE WAR FOR THE RESCUE OF HUPEH 604
THE WAR BETWEEN FENGTIEN AND CHIHLI 609
THE HOSTILITY BETWEEN SUN AND CH'EN IN THE SOUTH 617
THE OLD CONSTITUTION AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTMOVEMENT 625
THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CANTON MILITARY GOVERNMENT,1923 634
TS'AO K'UN'S USURPATION OF THE PRESIDENCY,1 923 639
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Reorganizatiion of the Kuomintang and the End of the Peiyang War Lords 650
CHINESE SOCIAL THOUGHT BEFORE THE KUOMINTANG REORGANIZATION 651
THE PROCESS OF THE KUOMINTANG REORGANIZATION 656
ORGANIZATION OF THE KUOMINTANG,1924 663
THE KUOMINTANG MANIFESTO,1923 665
DECLARATION BY THE FIRST NATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE KUOMINTANG,1924 670
THE REORGANIIED KUOMINTANG IN KWANGTUNG:THE STRUGGLES OF THE FIRST YEAR 683
THE FALL OF TS'AO K'UN AND WU P'EI-FU 697
THE PROVISIONAL EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT AND THE KUOMINTANG 706
THE GREAT WAR LORDS'MELEE IN THE NORTH 716
THE CONSOLIDATION OF KUOMINTANG FORCES 738
THE END OF THE PEIYANG WAR LORDS 749
Notes 755
CHAPTER ONE 755
CHAPTER TWO 756
CHAPTER THREE 757
CHAPTER FOUR 760
CHAPTER FIVE 761
CHAPTER SIX 763
CHAPTER SEVEN 763
CHAPTER EIGHT 765
CHAPTER NINE 765
CHAPTER TEN 766
CHAPTER ELEVEN 766
CHAPTER TWELVE 767
CHAPTER THIRTEEN 769
CHAPTER FOURTEEN 769
Selected Bibliography 770
BACKGROUND READING 770
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON MODERN CHINA 772
SELECTED REFERENCE WORKS 774
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS 774
THE TAIPING AND OTHER REBELLIONS 777
WESTERN IMPACT ON CHINA 779
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 780
REFORM AND REVOLUTION 787
CIVIL WAR AND WAR LORDS 788
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 789
FURTHER READING IN THE RECENT HISTORY OF CHINA 790
A FEW CHINESE SOURCES 791
Index 794