Unit 1 The Origin of and Design Features of Language 1
1.1 The Origin of Language 1
1.2 The Design Features of Language 5
Unit 2 The Nature of Linguistics 11
2.1 Definition of Linguistics 11
2.2 Some Basic Distinctions in Linguistics 12
2.3 Major Branches of General Linguistics 22
2.4 Application of Linguistics 26
2.5 The Data of Linguistics 38
Unit 3 Major Modern Schools of Linguistics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 The Prague School 46
3.3 Structuralism and American Structuralism 50
3.4 Transformational-Generative Linguistics 55
3.5 Other Current Theories 63
3.6 Earlier Post-structuralist Theories 71
Unit 4 The History of English 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Ancestry of English 78
4.3 Old English 79
4.4 Middle English 84
4.5 Early Modern English(1500～1650) 90
4.6 Late Modern English(1650～1800) 94
4.7 Present-day English(1800～) 96
Unit 5 Phonetics 101
5.1 The Phonic Medium of Language 101
5.2 What Is Phonetics? 102
5.3 The Speech Organs 103
5.4 Consonants 106
5.5 Vowels 111
5.6 Transcription of Speech Sounds 114
Unit 6 Phonology 117
6.1 Definition 117
6.2 Phonemes and Allophones 118
6.3 Recognition of a Phoneme 119
6.4 Sounds Distribution 119
6.5 Phonological Rules 121
6.6 Supresegmental Phonemes 124
Unit 7 Morphology 129
7.1 Definition 129
7.2 Internal Structure of Words 129
7.3 Word Formation Rules 135
Unit 8 Syntax 141
8.1 Definition 141
8.2 The Traditional Approach 142
8.3 The Structural Approach 148
8.4 The Transformational-Generative Approach 158
Unit 9 Introduction to Three Major Schools of Grammar(Traditional,Structural,TG) 165
9.1 Traditional Grammar 165
9.2 American Structuralism 170
9.3 Transformational-Generative Grammar 175
Unit 10 Semantics 189
10.1 Definition 189
10.2 Some Views on"Meaning" 190
10.3 Types of Meaning 198
10.4 Word Meaning 199
10.5 Sense Relations between Sentences 210
Unit 11 Pragmatics 218
11.1 Definition 218
11.2 Deictics 219
11.3 Speech Act Theory 220
11.4 The Cooperative Principle 225
11.5 The Politeness Principle 228
Unit 12 Stylistics 232
12.1 Introduction 232
12.2 The Concept of"Style" 236
12.3 Levels of Style 241
12.4 Phonological Features and Style 242
12.5 Graphological Features and Style 248
12.6 Syntactic Features and Style 251
12.7 Lexical Features and Style 256
Unit 13 Second Language Acquisition 261
13.1 Definition 261
13.2 Schools of Thought Concerning First Language Acquisition 261
13.3 Stages in Child Language Acquisition 264
13.4 More about Stages in Child Language Acquisition 266
13.5 Interlanguage 268
13.6 Error Analysis 269
13.7 Learning Strategies 271
Unit 14 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 275
14.1 Traditional Grammar and Its Influence on Foreign Language Teaching 275
14.2 Modern Linguistic Theories and Their Influence on Language Teaching 276
14.3 Communicative Competence 279
14.4 Syllabus 280
14.5 Testing 285
Unit 15 Language as Communication 288
15.1 Introduction 288
15.2 Functions of Ianguage 289
15.3 Language as a Human Communication System 292
15.4 Other Communication Systems 311
Bibliography 313