1．Introduction 1
2．Centralized and Distributed Control and Data Planes 9
Introduction 9
Evolution versus Revolution 10
What Do They Do? 11
The Control Plane 11
Data Plane 16
Moving Information Between Planes 18
Why Can Separation Be Important? 20
Distributed Control Planes 28
IP and MPLS 29
Creating the IP Underlay 30
Convergence Time 32
Load Balancing 33
High Availability 34
Creating the MPLS Overlay 34
Replication 37
Centralized Control Planes 37
Logical Versus Literal 38
ATM/LANE 39
Route Servers 42
Conclusions 44
3．OpenFlow 47
Introduction 47
Wire Protocol 50
Replication 53
FAWG(Forwarding Abstraction Workgroup) 54
Config and Extensibility 57
Architecture 62
Hybrid Approaches 63
Ships in the Night 64
Dual Function Switches 65
Conclusions 69
4．SDN Controllers 71
Introduction 71
General Concepts 72
VMware 75
Nicira 79
VMware/Nicira 83
OpenFlow-Related 83
Mininet 85
NOX/POX 87
Trema 89
Ryu 92
Big Switch Networks/Floodlight 93
Layer 3 Centric 95
L3VPN 96
Path Computation Element Server 101
Plexxi 109
Plexxi Affinity 111
Cisco OnePK 111
Relationship to the Idealized SDN Framework 113
Conclusions 113
5．Network Programmability 117
Introduction 117
The Management Interface 118
The Application-Network Divide 118
The Command-Line Interface 122
NETCONF and NETMOD 124
SNMP 126
Modern Programmatic Interfaces 132
Publish and Subscribe Interfaces 132
XMPP 135
Google's Protocol Buffers 137
Thrift 140
JSON 142
I2RS 143
Modern Orchestration 146
OpenStack 147
CloudStack 151
Puppet 153
Conclusions 156
6．Data Center Concepts and Constructs 157
Introduction 157
The Multitenant Data Center 160
The Virtualized Multitenant Data Center 163
Orchestration 167
Connecting a Tenant to the Internet/VPN 168
Virtual Machine Migration and Elasticity 169
Data Center Interconnect(DCI) 175
Fallacies of Data Center Distributed Computing 176
Data Center Distributed Computing Pitfalls to Consider 177
SDN Solutions for the Data Center Network 184
The Network Underlay 185
VLANs 186
EVPN 188
Locator ID Split(LISP) 191
VxLan 192
NVGRE 195
OpenFlow 197
Network Overlays 199
Network Overlay Types 201
Conclusions 205
7．Network Function Virtualization 207
Introduction 207
Virtualization and Data Plane I/O 208
Data Plane I/O 210
I/O Summary 213
Services Engineered Path 214
Service Locations and Chaining 217
Metadata 219
An Application Level Approach 220
Scale 222
NFV at ETSI 223
Non-ETSI NFV Work 228
Middlebox Studies 229
Embrane/LineRate 231
Platform Virtualization 233
Conclusions 238
8．Network Topology and Topological Information Abstraction 241
Introduction 241
Network Topology 242
Traditional Methods 244
LLDP 248
BGP-TE/LS 252
BGP-LS with PCE 253
ALTO 254
BGP-LS and PCE Interaction with ALTO 255
I2RS Topology 256
Conclusions 259
9．Building an SDN Framework 261
Introduction 261
Build Code First;Ask Questions Later... 262
The Juniper SDN Framework 265
IETF SDN Framework(s) 268
SDN(P) 268
ABNO 270
Open Daylight Controller/Framework 271
API 274
High Availability and State Storage 275
Analytics 276
Policy 279
Conclusions 279
10．Use Cases for Bandwidth Scheduling,Manipulation,and Calendaring 281
Introduction 281
Bandwidth Calendaring 284
Base Topology and Fundamental Concepts 285
OpenFlow and PCE Topologies 286
Example Configuration 287
OpenFlow Provisioned Example 287
Enhancing the Controller 289
Overlay Example Using PCE Provisioning 290
Expanding Your Reach:Barbarians at the Gate 294
Big Data and Application Hyper-Virtualization for Instant CSPF 295
Expanding Topology 297
Conclusions 298
11．Use Cases for Data Center Overlays,Big Data,and Network Function Virtualization 299
Introduction 299
Data Center Orchestration 299
Creating Tenant and Virtual Machine State 302
Forwarding State 304
Data-Driven Learning 305
Control-Plane Signaling 306
Scaling and Performance Considerations 306
Puppet(DevOps Solution) 308
Network Function Virtualization(NFV) 311
NFV in Mobility 312
Optimized Big Data 315
Conclusions 319
12．Use Cases for Input Traffic Monitoring,Classification,and Triggered Actions 321
Introduction 321
The Firewall 321
Firewalls as a Service 324
Network Access Control Replacement 326
Extending the Use Case with a Virtual Firewall 330
Feedback and Optimization 333
Intrusion Detection/Threat Mitigation 333
Conclusions 335
13．Final Thoughts and Conclusions 337
What Is True About SDN? 337
Economics 339
SDN Is Really About Operations and Management 340
Multiple Definitions of SDN 341
Are We Making Progress Yet? 342
Index 345