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1．Introduction 1

2．Centralized and Distributed Control and Data Planes 9

Introduction 9

Evolution versus Revolution 10

What Do They Do? 11

The Control Plane 11

Data Plane 16

Moving Information Between Planes 18

Why Can Separation Be Important? 20

Distributed Control Planes 28

IP and MPLS 29

Creating the IP Underlay 30

Convergence Time 32

Load Balancing 33

High Availability 34

Creating the MPLS Overlay 34

Replication 37

Centralized Control Planes 37

Logical Versus Literal 38

ATM/LANE 39

Route Servers 42

Conclusions 44

3．OpenFlow 47

Introduction 47

Wire Protocol 50

Replication 53

FAWG(Forwarding Abstraction Workgroup) 54

Config and Extensibility 57

Architecture 62

Hybrid Approaches 63

Ships in the Night 64

Dual Function Switches 65

Conclusions 69

4．SDN Controllers 71

Introduction 71

General Concepts 72

VMware 75

Nicira 79

VMware/Nicira 83

OpenFlow-Related 83

Mininet 85

NOX/POX 87

Trema 89

Ryu 92

Big Switch Networks/Floodlight 93

Layer 3 Centric 95

L3VPN 96

Path Computation Element Server 101

Plexxi 109

Plexxi Affinity 111

Cisco OnePK 111

Relationship to the Idealized SDN Framework 113

Conclusions 113

5．Network Programmability 117

Introduction 117

The Management Interface 118

The Application-Network Divide 118

The Command-Line Interface 122

NETCONF and NETMOD 124

SNMP 126

Modern Programmatic Interfaces 132

Publish and Subscribe Interfaces 132

XMPP 135

Google's Protocol Buffers 137

Thrift 140

JSON 142

I2RS 143

Modern Orchestration 146

OpenStack 147

CloudStack 151

Puppet 153

Conclusions 156

6．Data Center Concepts and Constructs 157

Introduction 157

The Multitenant Data Center 160

The Virtualized Multitenant Data Center 163

Orchestration 167

Connecting a Tenant to the Internet/VPN 168

Virtual Machine Migration and Elasticity 169

Data Center Interconnect(DCI) 175

Fallacies of Data Center Distributed Computing 176

Data Center Distributed Computing Pitfalls to Consider 177

SDN Solutions for the Data Center Network 184

The Network Underlay 185

VLANs 186

EVPN 188

Locator ID Split(LISP) 191

VxLan 192

NVGRE 195

OpenFlow 197

Network Overlays 199

Network Overlay Types 201

Conclusions 205

7．Network Function Virtualization 207

Introduction 207

Virtualization and Data Plane I/O 208

Data Plane I/O 210

I/O Summary 213

Services Engineered Path 214

Service Locations and Chaining 217

Metadata 219

An Application Level Approach 220

Scale 222

NFV at ETSI 223

Non-ETSI NFV Work 228

Middlebox Studies 229

Embrane/LineRate 231

Platform Virtualization 233

Conclusions 238

8．Network Topology and Topological Information Abstraction 241

Introduction 241

Network Topology 242

Traditional Methods 244

LLDP 248

BGP-TE/LS 252

BGP-LS with PCE 253

ALTO 254

BGP-LS and PCE Interaction with ALTO 255

I2RS Topology 256

Conclusions 259

9．Building an SDN Framework 261

Introduction 261

Build Code First;Ask Questions Later... 262

The Juniper SDN Framework 265

IETF SDN Framework(s) 268

SDN(P) 268

ABNO 270

Open Daylight Controller/Framework 271

API 274

High Availability and State Storage 275

Analytics 276

Policy 279

Conclusions 279

10．Use Cases for Bandwidth Scheduling,Manipulation,and Calendaring 281

Introduction 281

Bandwidth Calendaring 284

Base Topology and Fundamental Concepts 285

OpenFlow and PCE Topologies 286

Example Configuration 287

OpenFlow Provisioned Example 287

Enhancing the Controller 289

Overlay Example Using PCE Provisioning 290

Expanding Your Reach:Barbarians at the Gate 294

Big Data and Application Hyper-Virtualization for Instant CSPF 295

Expanding Topology 297

Conclusions 298

11．Use Cases for Data Center Overlays,Big Data,and Network Function Virtualization 299

Introduction 299

Data Center Orchestration 299

Creating Tenant and Virtual Machine State 302

Forwarding State 304

Data-Driven Learning 305

Control-Plane Signaling 306

Scaling and Performance Considerations 306

Puppet(DevOps Solution) 308

Network Function Virtualization(NFV) 311

NFV in Mobility 312

Optimized Big Data 315

Conclusions 319

12．Use Cases for Input Traffic Monitoring,Classification,and Triggered Actions 321

Introduction 321

The Firewall 321

Firewalls as a Service 324

Network Access Control Replacement 326

Extending the Use Case with a Virtual Firewall 330

Feedback and Optimization 333

Intrusion Detection/Threat Mitigation 333

Conclusions 335

13．Final Thoughts and Conclusions 337

What Is True About SDN? 337

Economics 339

SDN Is Really About Operations and Management 340

Multiple Definitions of SDN 341

Are We Making Progress Yet? 342

Index 345