UNIT Ⅰ STARTING POINT 3
Chapter One Writing as a Process of Discovery 3
INVENTING IDEAS AND DETAILS 3
Free Writing 4
Brainstorming and Listing 6
Clustering 8
Cubing 10
Asking Questions 11
Dramatizing 13
UNDERSTANDING THE WRITING PROCESS 16
Chapter Two Rhetoric as the Art of Prose Writing 20
THE WORD RHETORIC 20
THE RHETORICAL CONTEXTS IN WRITING 24
Finding a Subject 24
Defining Your Audience 27
Considering Your Purpose 29
UNIT Ⅱ STYLE 35
Chapter Three Sentence Choice for Clarity 35
THE WRITER'S OPTION:DICTION AND SYNTAX 39
SENTENCE COMBINING 40
Ambiguous Construction 45
THE WAY GRAMMAR WORKS 48
The Noun Phrase 48
The Verb Phrase 52
The Verb Tense 54
The Sentence Base 55
Choosing Predication 60
Coordination 61
Subordination 63
Actor-Action Pattern 64
REVISING SENTENCES EFFECTIVELY 68
Chapter Four Sentence Expansion 74
SENTENCES EXPANDED BY SUBORNATE CLAUSES 75
The Grammar of Relative Clauses 77
The Grammar of Adverbial Clauses 81
SENTENCES EXPANDED BY FREE MODIFIERS 87
The Free Apositive Phrase 98
The Free Participial Phrase 102
The Free Absolute Phrase 107
Other Free Modifiers 110
Chapter Five Variation for Style 114
IMMITATION AND STYLE 118
THE RHYTHMS OF WRITING 120
Parallelism 121
The Balanced Sentence 124
Antithesis 125
THE ELASTICITY OF THE SENTENCE 127
Deletion 128
Expansion 129
THE EXPLOSIVENESS OF MEANING 132
Sentence Periodic or Loose 132
The Inverted Sentence 135
Climax and Anticlimax 137
The Rhetorical Question 139
UNIT Ⅲ WORDS,WORDS,WORDS 145
Chapter Six Words and Their Meanings 145
SYMBOLS AND REFERENTS 145
Abstract and Concrete 146
General and Specific 148
General and Specific Statements 150
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION 153
LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE 157
Metaphor and Simile 158
Tenor and Vehicle 159
Decay of Metaphors 162
Chapter Seven Figures of Speech 168
Analogy 168
Personification and Pathetic Fallacy 170
Metonymy 172
Synecdoche 174
Transferred Epithet 176
Irony 177
Innuendo 180
Hyperbole 181
Understatement(Litotes and Meiosis) 183
Syllepsis 187
Zeugma 188
Paradox 189
Oxymoron 191
Euphemism 192
UNIT Ⅳ ARRAGEMENT 201
Chapter Eight The Paragraph 201
THE TOPIC SENTENCE AND THE CONTROLLING IDEA 202
The Controlling Idea Is the Writer's Commitment 202
The Controlling Idea Guides the Paragraph 203
LEVELS OF GENERALITY IN THE PARAGRAPH 207
Simple Coordinate Framework 207
Simple Subordinate Framework 213
Mixed Frameworks 216
The Concluding Sentence 223
The Introductory Paragraph 226
The Transitional Paragraph 227
Anomalous Developmental Paragraph 228
UNITY AT THE SENTENCE leVEL 234
Constructing Unified Sentences 235
Unifying Sentences to Fit a Controlling Idea 236
Chapter Nine Paragraph Coherence 239
REFERENCE GUIDES—TRANSLONAL EXPRESSIONS 242
PRONOUN REFERENCE 250
Avoiding Faulty Reference 252
WORD REPETITION 255
A Synonym for Reference 259
Collocation 261
ARRANGEMENT OF SENTENCE PATTERNS 265
Chapter Ten Order of Sentences 270
GENERAL-TO-SPECIFIC ORDER 270
SPECIFIC-TO-GENERAL ORDER 272
TIME ORDER 275
SPACE ORDER 277
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE 281
Chapter Eleven The Whole Composition 285
PRACTICAL ADVICE FOR WRITING THEMES 286
Limit Your Topic 286
Invent Ideas about Your Topic 286
Shape a Thesis Statement 289
Organize Carefully 290
Construct Your Theme Well 293
Be a Good Reviser 297
TIPS FOR WRITING MINI-THEMES 297
Prepare a Workable Scratch Outline 298
Organize Carefully 300
Avoid Digression and Wordiness 300
Revise for Greater Effectiveness 302
Axioms to Suggest Subjects for Mini-Themes 308
UNIT Ⅴ INVENTION AND RESEARCH 313
Chapter Twelve Developing Your Reading Skills 313
BECOMING A DEMANDING READER 313
Annotating 314
NOTE-TAKING 319
Paraphrasing 320
Explicating 322
Summarizing 323
Quoting 325
Avoiding Plagiarism 328
Chapter Thirteen Invention Strategies 329
DEFINITION 330
Sentence Definitions 330
Extended Definitions 333
Historical Definitions 336
Stipulative Definitions 337
CLASSIFICATION 340
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 346
Two Ways of Comparing and Contrasting 347
Analogy 352
CAUSE AND EFFECT 355
ARGUMENTATION AND PERSUASION 364
Making a Claim 364
Finding Reasonable Grounds 365
Qualifying Your Claim Effectively 369
Supporting Your Claim Effectively 371
Handling Counterarguments Reasonably 377
Chapter Fourteen The Research Paper 381
WORKING WITH SOURCES 382
Evaluating Sources 382
Primary and Seoondary Sources 384
Taking Notes 385
DOCUMENTING THE SOURCES 388
Note Bibliography Documentation 389
Endnotes and Footnotes 390
Bibliographies 391
MLA Parenthetical Documentation 392
Citing Sources in the Text 392
Preparing the List of Works Cited 393
Sample MLA-Style Works Cited 396
MLA Abbreviations 396
INDEX 398
BIBLIOGRAPHY 404