Unit 1 Introduction 1
Preview 1
1.1 Sentence elements 1
1.2 Basic sentence types 2
1.3 Categories of phrases 5
Post-class exercise 7
Unit 2 Determiners 9
Preview 9
2.1 Membership 9
2.2 Central determiners 10
2.3 Predeterminers 13
2.4 Postdeterminers 14
Post-class exercise 16
Unit 3 Articles 17
Preview 17
3.1 Generic reference 17
3.2 Specific reference:definite article 19
3.3 Indefinite articles and zero article 24
Post-class exercise 28
Unit 4 Tense and Aspect 30
Preview 30
4.1 Simple present tense 32
4.2 Present progressive aspect 33
4.3 Present perfective aspect 34
4.4 Present perfective progressive aspect 35
4.5 Simple past tense 36
4.6 Past progressive aspect 37
4.7 Past perfective aspect 38
4.8 Past perfective progressive aspect 39
Post-class exercise 39
Unit 5 Future Time 41
Preview 41
5.1 Will/shall+bare infinitive 41
5.2 Be going to+infinitive(be+gonna in oral) 42
5.3 Be to+infinitive 42
5.4 Will/shall+present progressive aspect or perfective aspect 42
5.5 Present progressive 43
5.6 Simple present tense 43
5.7 Expressions for future time in the past 44
Post-class exercise 45
Unit 6 Voice 47
Preview 47
6.1 Active voice(AV)and passive voice(PV) 47
6.2 Constraints on PV transformation 49
6.3 When and where to use PV 51
6.4 Two types of PV 52
Post-class exercise 53
Unit 7 Mood 55
Preview 55
7.1 Present subjunctive mood 55
7.2 Past subjunctive mood 59
Post-class exercise 61
Unit 8 Infinitive 63
Preview 63
8.1 Aspect and voice of the infinitive 64
8.2 Syntactic roles of the infinitive 67
8.3 To-infinitive and bare-infinitive 72
8.4 Preposition to 75
8.5 V+infinitive 77
Post-class exercise 79
Unit 9 -ing Nonfinite Verb 80
Preview 80
9.1 Gerund 80
9.2 Present participle 85
9.3 Comparison between infinitive,gerund and present participle 89
Post-class exercise 90
Unit 10 -en Participle 91
Preview 91
10.1 Subject complement 91
10.2 Attribute 92
10.3 Adverbial 92
10.4 Object complement 93
10.5 Independent structure 94
Post-class exercise 95
Unit 11 Relative Clause 97
Preview 97
11.1 Types of relative clause 97
11.2 Relative pronouns 100
11.3 Relative adverbs 102
Post-class exercise 102
Unit 12 Nominal Clause 105
Preview 105
12.1 Subject clause 105
12.2 Object clause 107
12.3 Complement clause 108
Post-class exercise 111
Unit 13 Adverbial Clause 112
Preview 112
13.1 Adverbial clause of time 112
13.2 Adverbial clause of cause 114
13.3 Adverbial clause of concession 115
13.4 Adverbial clause of condition 116
13.5 Adverbial clause of manner 117
13.6 Adverbial clause of place 119
13.7 Adverbial clause of purpose 120
13.8 Adverbial clause of result 121
Post-class exercise 122
Unit 14 Conditional Clause 123
Preview 123
14.1 Type Ⅰ（real condition） 124
14.2 Type Ⅱ（real condition） 125
14.3 Type Ⅲ （unreal condition） 126
14.4 Type Ⅳ （unreal condition） 128
Post-class exercise 129
Unit 15 Wh-movement 130
Preview 130
15.1 Wh-movement(direct question) 130
15.2 Wh-movement(indirect question) 132
15.3 Constraints on wh-movement 133
Post-class exercise 136
Keys to the Exercises 137
References 164