1 Earth Sciences 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
2 Why Study the Earth? 2
3 How to Study the Earth? 3
4 Earth Physical Characteristics 5
Chapter 2 Minerals 11
1 Elements 11
2 Minerals 12
3 Physical Property of Minerals 14
4 Common Minerals 19
Chapter 3 Igneous Rocks 25
1 Magma 25
2 Intrusion and Intrusive Body 26
3 Volcano and Volcanism 29
4 Igneous Rocks 33
1 Atmosphere 41
Chapter 4 External Geological Process and Sedimentary Rocks 41
2 Hydrologic Sphere 44
3 Biosphere 45
4 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 45
5 Minerals of Sedimentary Rock 47
6 Texture of Sedimentary Rock 47
7 Structure of Sedimentary Rock 49
8 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 52
Chapter 5 Metamorphic Rocks 57
1 Intruduction 57
2 Factors Controlling Metamorphism 59
3 Types of Metamorphism 61
4 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 63
5 Rock Cycle 66
Chapter 6 Geologic Time Scale 70
1 Stratigraphic Principles 71
2 Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationship 73
3 Principle of Biologic Succession 73
4 Unconformity 75
5 Radiometric Dating 77
6 Geologic Time Scale 78
Chapter 7 Earthquakes 85
1 What is Earthquake? 85
2 Types of Earthquake 86
3 Earthquake Wave 88
4 Seismograph 89
5 Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquake 93
6 World Wide Distributions of Earthquake 95
7 Effects of Earthquakes 97
8 Prediction and Prevention of Earthquake 99
Chapter 8 Geological Structures 103
1 Orientations 104
2 Fault 105
3 Joints 109
4 Fold 110
Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 118
1 The Continental Drift Theory 118
2 Sea-floor Spreading Theory 119
3 Plate Tectonics 120
4 Types of Plate Boundaries 121
5 Earth's Maior Plates 125
6 Continental Margins 125
7 Wilson Cycle 127
8 Cause of Plate Tectonics 129
Chapter 10 Weathering and Soil 132
1 Physical Weathering 132
2 Chemical Weathering 134
3 Biological Weathering 135
4 Factors that Influence Weathering 136
5 Products of Weathering 138
6 Regolith and Soil 140
Chapter 11 Streams 144
1 Introduction 145
2 Stream Erosion 149
3 River Transportation 156
4 Stream Deposition 157
5 Degradation 159
6 River System Pattern（水系型式） 161
7 Landscape Evolufion（地貌演化） 163
Chapter 12 Groundwater 169
1 Instruction 169
2 Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater 172
3 Storage Condition of Groundwater 173
4 Geothermal Water 178
5 Karst Topography 179
6 Groundwater and Engineering 182
7 Groundwater Contamination 184
Chapter 13 Ocean and Coastal Processes 187
1 Ocean Movements 188
2 Coast 192
3 Continental Margin and Ocean Basin 201
Chapter 14 Glacier 207
1 The Formation of Glacier 207
2 The Budget of a Glacier 209
3 Movement of Glacier 209
4 Glacial Classification 210
5 Glacial Erosion 211
6 Glacial Transportation 215
7 Glacial Deposition 215
8 Glaciation and lts Effects 219
9 Causes of lce Ages 220
1 Wind Erosion 225
Chapter 15 Wind Action and Desert 225
2 Wind Transportation 227
3 Wind Deposits 228
4 Deserts 231
5 Desertification and Dust storm 233
6 Loess 233
Chapter 16 Mass Wasting 237
1 Factors controlling Mass Wasting Hazards 238
2 Types of Mass Wasting:Slope Failures 240
3 Types of Mass Wasting:Sediment Flows 243
Chapter 17 Lake and Wetland 249
1 A Genetic Classification of Lakes 249
2 Hydrology of Lake 252
3 Geological Process of Lake 254
4 Wetland 256
1 Introduction 260
Chapter 18 The Solar System 260
2 Terrestrial Planets 264
3 Jovian Planets 271
4 Origin and Evolution of the Solar System 273
Chapter 19 Resource and Sustainable Development 277
1 Oil and Gas 278
2 Coal 280
3 Metals and Ores 283
4 Nonmetallic Resources 288
5 Resources and Sustainable Development 289
Chapter 20 Atmosphere and Environment 293
1 El Nino and La Nina 293
2 Air pollution and Ozone Zone 295
3 Tropical Cyclone 297
4 Global warming 301
References 308