Part Ⅰ Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Philosophy and philosophy of language 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The notion of philosophy 2
1.3 The Linguistic Turn 4
1.4 The notion of philosophy of language 5
1.5 The philosophical triangle 6
1.6 Why study philosophy of language? 7
1.7 How to study philosophy of language? 7
Summary 8
Questions 8
Further reading 8
Chapter 2 Meaning and reference 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Meaning and understanding 9
2.3 The Referential Theory 10
2.4 Singular Terms 13
2.5 Five philosophical problems 13
Summary 16
Questions 16
Further reading 16
Part Ⅱ Reference and Referring 17
Chapter 3 Frege's Sense and Reference 18
3.1 Frege's life and works 18
3.2 The article "On Sense and Reference" 18
3.3 Solution to the five philosophical problems 21
3.4 Problems of Frege's theory 26
Summary 27
Questions 28
Further reading 28
Appendix 29
Chapter 4 Russell's Theory Description 35
4.1 Russell's life and works 35
4.2 Russell's project 35
4.3 Russell's philosophy of language 37
4.4 The Description theory 38
4.5 Russell's solution to the five philosophical puzzles 39
4.6 Objections to Russell's theory 44
Summary 50
Questions 50
Further reading 50
Appendix 52
Chapter 5 Proper names:the Description Theory 57
5.1 Russell's Name Claim 57
5.2 Opening objections 58
5.3 Searle's Cluster Theory 59
5.4 Kripke's critique 60
Summary 62
Questions 63
Further reading 63
Chapter 6 Proper names:Direct Reference and the Causal-Historical Theory 64
6.1 Possible worlds 64
6.2 Rigidity and Proper names 65
6.3 Direct Reference 67
6.4 The Causal-Historical Theory 69
6.5 Problems for the Causal-Historical Theory 70
6.6 Natural-kind terms and "Twin Earth" 73
6.7 Summary of Part Ⅱ 75
Questions 76
Further reading 76
Appedix 77
Part Ⅲ Theories of Meaning 86
Chapter 7 Traditional theories of meaning 87
7.1 Introduction 87
7.2 Ideational theories 88
7.3 The Proposition Theory 90
Summary 93
Questions 93
Further reading 93
Chapter 8 "Use" theories 95
8.1 Life and Works of Ludwig Wittgenstein 95
8.2 Wittgenstein's argument against traditional theories of meaning 96
8.3 Wittgenstein's "use" theory of meaing 98
8.4 Sellar's Theory as an improvement to Wittgenstein's 99
8.5 Objections and Some Replies 100
Summary 101
Questions 102
Further reading 102
Appedix 103
Chapter 9 Psychological theories:Grice's program 110
9.1 Grice life and works 110
9.2 Grice's basic idea 110
9.3 Grice's two-stage reductive project: 111
Summary 115
Questions 115
Further reading 116
Chapter 10 Verificationisms 117
10.1 Motivation of the theory 117
10.2 The basic idea of the verificational theory 117
10.3 Objectons 119
10.4 Two Quinean issues 121
Summary 124
Questions 124
Further reanding 124
Part Ⅳ The Dark Side 125
Chapter 11 Metaphor 126
11.1 Overview 126
11.2 A philosophical bias 127
11.3 The issues 129
11.4 Davidson's Causal Theory 130
11.5 The Na？ve Simile Theory 131
11.6 The Figurative Simile Theory 132
11.7 The Pragmatic Theory 134
11.8 Metaphor as analogical 135
Summary 136
Questions 136
Further reading 137
Bibliography 138